Author: CHUNG Yoon Ngan
Date: 02-13-05 22:18
From the State of Qin to Qin Dynasty (01)
由秦國至秦朝
Please click on Chinese Simplified to read Chinese.
From the inception of the State of Qin to the end of the Qin Dynasty.
That covered the period 897BC to 207BC
According to the legend, the ancestor of Qin, who was a female offspring
of Zhuan Xu (顓頊), the grandson of Huang Di (黃帝) or the Yellow Emperor,
called Nu Xiu (女修). One day, Nu Xiu saw a black bird egg. She picked it
up and swallowed it. Soon after she discovered she was pregnant. Nine months
later, she gave birth of a baby boy and she named the baby Da Ye (大業).
When Da Ye grew up he married his cousin sister (mother's side) called Nu
Hua (女華). Nu Hua gave birth to a son called Da Fei (大費).
In around 2275BC, Bo Yi (伯益), a descendant of Da Fei, was ordered by Yao
Di (堯帝), who was the legendary chief of the federated tribes in ancient
China, to help Si Wenming (姒文命 who later became Yu Di 禹帝) to dredge
the rivers because all the rivers in the land overflowed their banks after
extended period of rain. The whole inhabited land was flooded. Chinese historians
referred to this phenomenon as "The Deluge 大洪水".
After thirteen years of hard work, the rivers were tamed and the water flowed
smoothly to the sea. Bo Yi was rewarded with the authority to establish
a settlement in the extreme northwest, in the region between the two rivers
of Wei (渭) and Qian (千 in the present day western part of Shaanxi province
陜西省). Yao Di also bestowed upon him a surname called Ying (嬴).
During the Zhou Dynasty (周朝 1134BC to 256BC), in 897BC, Zhou King Xiao
Ji Bifang (周孝王姬辟方 909BC to 895BC), the 8th ruler, appointed Ying Feizi
(嬴非子), a descendant of Bo Yi, to breed stud-horses in a place called
Yao Lin ( 姚林 located in the present day county of Hua 華縣 of Shaanxi
province). Ying Feizi excelled himself as a stud-horses breeder. In appreciation
Zhou King Xiao appointed him the administrator of a place called Qingu
(秦谷 in the present day southwest of Tianshui city 天水市in Gansu province
甘肅省).
In 777BC, Zhou King You Ji Gongnie (周幽王姬宮涅 781BC to 771BC), 12th
King, honoured Ying Kai (嬴開), a descendant of Ying Feizi, the inheritable
title of Bo (伯) or the Count and renamed the region the State of Qin (秦
國). Ying Kai was then known as Qin Bo (秦伯) or the Count of Qin.
In 771BC, Quan Rong (犬戎), a nomadic tribe from the northwest, attacked,
occupied and destroyed the Zhou capital of Hao ( 鎬 the present day city
of Xian 西安市in Shaanxi province). Zhou King You was killed in the turmoil
and the Crown Prince, Ji Yijiu (姬宜臼), requested help from many vassal
States, including the State of Qin, to help him to expel the Quan Rong from
the capital. Ying Kai, the ruler of the State of Qin, led an army to assist
the Crown Prince. The allied forces of many vassal States drove the Quan
Rong out of the capital and pushed them back to the northwest desert where
they belonged.
Crown Prince, Ji Yijiu, was installed Zhou King Ping (周平王 770BC to 720BC),
the 13th King of the Zhou Dynasty. In appreciation of what Ying Kai did
Zhou King Ping upgraded the title of the ruler of Qin from Bo (伯 the Count)
to Hou (侯) or the Marquis. Zhou King Ping also rewarded Ying Kai with full
authority to expand his domain in the Northwest.
Since the capital of Hao was razed to the ground by the Quan Rong, making
it to costly to rebuild, Zhou King Ping decided to shift his capital to
Chengzhou (成周 the present day city of Luoyang 洛陽市 in Henan province
河南省). Chinese historians refer to this move as the beginning of the Eastern
Zhou Dynasty (東周朝 770AD to 256BC)
Within three years Ying Kai expanded the territory of his domain by fourfold
and became a powerful State. Ying Kai established his capital in the present
day county of Fengxiang (鳳翔縣) in Shaanxi province.
During the periods of Spring and Autumn (春秋時代 722BC to 481BC) and Warring
States (戰國時間 453BC to 221BC) Qin conquered and annexed many States,
becoming the most powerful State in the land.
The chronology and inception of the State of Qin (秦國 897BC to 221BC) to
the Ying (嬴) was the surname of all the rulers of the State of Qin and
the Qin Dynasty.
Name Title Period
(01) Fei Zi (非子) no title 897BC to ?
(02) Chen (成) no title not recorded
(03) Gong Bo (公伯) no title not recorded
(04) Qin Zhong (秦仲) no title 844BC to 822BC
(05) Qin Zhuang (秦莊) Zhuang Gong (莊公) 821BC to 778BC
(06) Kai (開) Xiang Gong (襄公) 777BC to 766BC
(07) Not Recorded Wen Gong (文公) 765BC to 716BC
(08) Jing (靜) Ning Gong (寧公) 715BC to 704BC
(09) Chu Zi (出子) Chu Gong (出公) 703BC to 698BC
(10) Not Recorded Wu Gong (武公) 697BC to 678BC
(11) Not Recorded De Gong (德公) 677BC to 676BC
(12) Not Recorded Xuan Gong (宣公) 675BC to 664BC
(13) Not Recorded Cheng Gong (成公) 663BC to 660BC
(14) Ren Hao (任好) Mu Gong (穆公) 659BC to 621BC
(15) Ying (罃) Kang Gong (康公) 620BC to 609BC
(16) Dao (稻) Gong Gong (共公) 608BC to 604BC
(17) Rong (榮) Huan Gong (桓公) 603BC to 577BC
(18) Che (車) Jing Gong (景公) 576BC to 537BC
(19) Not Recorded Ai Gong (哀公) 536BC to 501BC
(20) Not Recorded Hui Gong (惠公) 500BC to 492BC
(21) Not Recorded Dao Gong (悼公) 491BC to 477BC
(22) Not Recorded Li Gong Gong (厲共公) 476BC to 443BC
(23) Not Recorded Zao Gong (躁公) 442BC to 429BC
(24) Not Recorded Huai Gong (懷公) 428BC to 425BC
(25) Shi Xi (師隰) Ling Gong (靈公) 424BC to 406BC
(26) Not Recorded Jian Gong (簡公) 405BC to 405BC
(27) Not Recorded Jing Gong (敬公) 404BC to 400BC
(28) Not Recorded Hui Gong (惠公) 399BC to 389BC
(29) Chu Zi (出子) Chu Zi (出子) 388BC to 385BC
(30) Not Recorded Xian Gong (獻公) 384BC to 362BC
(31) Qu Liang (渠梁) Xiao Gong (孝公) 361BC to 338BC
(32) Si (駟) Hui Wen Wang (惠文王) 337BC to 311BC
(33) Dang (蕩) Wu Wang (武王) 310BC to 307BC
(34) Ji (稷) Zhao Xiang Wang (昭襄王) 306BC to 251BC
(35) Zhu (柱) Xiao Wen Wang (孝文王) 250BC to 250BC
(36) Zi Chu (子楚) Zhuang Xiang Wang (莊襄王) 250BC to 247BC
(37) Zheng (政) Qin Wang Zheng (秦王政) 246BC to 221BC
Sources"
Chapter five and six from Shi Ji by Sima Qian
史記卷五與六 秦本紀第五與秦始皇本紀第六
司馬遷 (145BC to 86BC)
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