Author: CHUNG Yoon-Ngan
Date: 11-29-03 10:06
From Jing Gang Shan to Yan An
由井崗山到延安
In 1923 Dr. Sun Yatsen (孫中山), the leader of the Kuomintang (國民黨 KMT) formed an United Front with the Chinese Communist Party (共產黨 CCP) which was founded in July 1921, to fight the Warlords in the north. Dr. Sun Yat-sen died in1925 and Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石) became the leader of the KMT. In 1927 the United Front collapsed.
On August 1, 1927, the CCP staged an uprising in Nanchang (南昌) of Jiangxi province (江西省). It failed. On September 8, 1927, Mao Ze-Dong (毛澤東) led a group of peasants and staged an uprising called the "Autumn Harvest Uprising (秋收暴動)" in Hunan province (湖南省). The insurrection failed miserably. The following month Mao Ze-Dong congregated the remnants of the uprising of about 800 men and 80 old rifles. They climbed the Jing Gang Shan (井崗山) with the goal of establishing a revolutionary base in these mountains.
Jing Gang Shan is a massive mountain range, lying between the two provinces of Jiangxi (江西省) and Hunan. At that time there were only five villages in this region of 900 square kilometers. All the families were Hakka Chinese (客家人) whose forefathers had come from the north several hundred years ago. The total population in Jing Gang Shan was less than 2,000 and they were so poor that only a few of them had more than a pair of trousers. They made fire by striking stones. The red earth in Jing Gang Shan was so hard that hardly any crops grew in this desolated area. These Hakka men were mostly porters and farm hands in the plains below. Mao Ze-dong managed to win over two bands of about 600 Hakka bandits in this area. The Hakkas in Jing Gang Shan helped Mao Ze Dong realizing his goal of establishing a revolutionary base.
In April 1928, Zhu De (朱德), a Hakka originally from Sichuan province (四川省), leading a force of about 2,000 men, arrived in Jing Gang Shan and joined forces with Mao Ze-Dong. Zhu De took part in the Nanchang Uprising in August the previous year. After the Nanchang Uprising collapsed Zhu De led the remnants of the army and fled to the Hakka regions of Meixian (梅縣) and Dapu (大埔) in the south. The combined forces of Mao Ze-dong and Zhu De now numbered about 4,000 of them in the region that could hardly support such a large force.
In January 1929 Mao Ze-dong and Zhu De shifted their base to the region between the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian (福建省) where there were many villages. On November 7, 1931, in a little town called Rui Jin (瑞金), south of Jiangxi province, the Chinese Red Army proclaimed the formation of the Chinese Soviet Republic and set up a Provisional Soviet Government with Mao Ze-dong as the Chairman. The commander-in-chief of the Red Army was Zhu De.
They adopted the flag - see photo - the flag on the left.
http://chungyn.webhop.net/historicPhoto.jpg
[The photo of Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 and Mao Zedong 毛澤東 standing together was taken by Tong Xiaopeng 童小鵬 who worked for the Eighth Route Army between the end of 1936 to March 1947 in Xian city 西安市 in Shaanxi province 陜西省. Mao Zedong flew from Yanan 延安 to Chongqing 重慶 on August 28, 1945 to discuss state affairs in response to three cabled invitations from Genera;issimo Chiang Kai-shek. After one of the many meetings Chiang and Mao came out from the conference building together. It happened that Tong Xiaopeng was outside the building with a camera. Tong requested the two leaders to stand together and allowed him to take a photo of them. The leaders agreed and that was how Tong took this historic photo which had never been published before until 1984.]
鎮Towns 縣 counties in the region controlled by the Chinese Soviet Republic.
In 福建省 Fujian province
(01) 長汀 Chang Ting (02) 上杭 Shang Hang (03) 龍岩 Long Yan
(04) 永定 Yong Ding (05) 新泉 Xin Quan (06) 寧化 Ning Hua
(07) 汀扛7b市 Ting Zhou city (08) 武平 Wu Ping (09) 永定溪南區 Yong Ding Xi Nan District (10) 漣城 Lian Cheng (11) 清流 Qing Liu
In 江西省 Jiangxi province
(01) 瑞金 Rui Jin (02) 國興 Guo Xing (03) 寧都 Ning Du
(04) 會昌 Hui Chang (05) 贛縣 Gan Xian (06) 勝利 Sheng Li
(07) 公略 Gong Lue (08) 雩都 Yu Du (09) 廣昌 Guang Chang
(10) 石城 Shi Chang (11) 永豐 Yong Feng (12) 安遠 An Yuan
(13) 潯鄔 Xun Wu (14) 樂安 Le An (15) 宜黃 Yi Huang
(16) 信豐 Xin Feng (17) 萬泰 Wan Tai (18) 會昌筠門嶺
(19) 博生 Bo Sheng (20) 南廣 Nan Guang (21) 黎川 Li Chuan
(22) 筠村 Yun Cun (23) 黃塘 Huang Tang (24) 博生黃陂區 Bo Sheng Huang Po District (25) 博生安福區 Bo Sheng An Fu District (26) 瑞金武陽區 Rui Jin Wu Yang District (27) 建寧 Jian Ling (28) 雩都新陂區 Yu Du Xin Po District (29) 桃黃 Tao Huang (30) 黃柏 Huang Bo (31) 砂心 Sha Xin (32) 瑞林 Rui Lin (33) 九堡 Jiu Bao
(34) 雲集 Yun Ji (35) 渡頭 Du Tou (36)
The size of the Soviet territory expanded and contracted according to the fortunes of the war. There was a short period during which the Red Army occupied more than sixty counties of Jiangxi province. However, the districts permanently held by the Soviet was only about seventeen counties in the border regions between the two provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian, with a population of about three million who were mainly the speakers of Hakka and Gan (贛) dialects. The Gan speakers were the natives of Jiangxi province, whereas, the Hakkas or the Guest People, residing
astride the border of these two provinces, were the offspring of the emigrants from the north arrived and settled here at the end of the Dynasties of Jin (晉朝 265AD to 420AD), Tang (唐朝 618AD to 907AD) and Song (宋朝 960AD to 1279AD).
The Soviet had a large corps of Hakka peasant Red Guards who fought alongside the Red Army against Chiang Kai-Shek's (蔣介石) forces. In 1932 it was estimated that the total strength of the Red Army and the peasant Red Guards were 151,000 with only 97,500 old rifles. These forces fought a civil war aginist Chiang Kai-shek's armies which were five to seven times stronger than they were. In armaments Chiang's forces were a thousand times their superior. For five years, from 1930 to 1934, these peasants and the Red Army outmaneuvered and defeated four
successive campaigns against them. With the support of the population, their superior mobility and their knowledge of the terrain they defeated division after division of Chiang's best crack troops. A missionary correspondent of the North China Daily News reported on August 19, 1931:
"......a strange thing that so many people are willing to undertake what they know means death......".
Chiang Kai-shek launched five campaigns of encirclement and annihilation against the Chinese Soviet Republic. The first campaign was launched in December 1930 and was easily defeated by the Red Army in January 1931. One result was that the Red Army captured their first radio set. The second encirclement and suppression campaign was launched in the spring in 1931 and was equally unsuccessful. The Red Army captured 20,000 prisoners and many rifles. Three months later, Chiang Kai-shek personally led the third campaign against the Chinese Soviet Republic with forces that were ten times bigger than the Red Army's. However, the Japanese saved the Red Army from being defeated. On September 18, 1931 the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed in China's northeast (東北 Manchuria) shelled Shenyang (審陽) city and launched attacks in Jilin (吉林省) and Heilongjiang (黑龍江省) provinces. The Japanese troops occupied the city of Shenyang the next day. Chiang was forced to call off the third campaign.
After having recovered from the shock of the Japanese attack on Manchuria and Shanghai (上海), Chiang Kai-shek commanded He Ying Qin (何應欽) and Cheng Cheng (程誠) to led the fourth encirclement campaign against the Chinese Soviet Republic. The campaign lasted for eight months. The battles reached a stalemate and both sides eventually made a truce with mutual consent.
In August 1933 Chiang Kai-shek launched the fifth campaign with a million men and an air force of more than four hundred airplanes. Chiang even employed two German military advisers who devised a tactic to throttle the Chinese Soviet Republic. Chiang's troops built blockhouses round the Soviet territory. By the end of January 1934 they had built an estimated total of 2,900 blockhouses. A tight economic blockade was imposed on the Soviet area that was desperately short of salt, kerosene, medical supplies and many essential daily items. The Red Army was defeated in battle after battle. By June 1934 the territory under the control of the Communists was reduced to only a few counties. Now the Red Army had to confront the question of either to break out of the encirclement or sitting down to await annihilation. It seemed that a breakout was inevitable. The decision to evacuate the Soviet was made on October 2, 1934. Twelve days later, on October 14, 1934 the embattled Red Army began the Long March. The Red Army chose to
march through the Hakka villages because they knew the Hakkas would help them. Along the trek they passed through many Hakka villages where the villagers tried their best to help the Red Army and many young Hakkas joined the ranks of the Red Army. The Long Marchers trekked through 11 provinces and walked for 6,000 miles before they arrived in Shaanxi province (陜西省) in the North. The journey lasted 368 days and Red Army completed the Long March on October 20, 1935. In his book "Red Star Over China" Edgar Snow said that the Long March was "one of the great triumphs of men against odds and man against nature."
The routes on the Long March
(01) 瑞金--江西省--(Ruijin--Jiangxi province)
(02) 于都--江西省--(Yutu--Jiangxi province)
(03) 信豐--江西省--(Xinfeng--Jiangxi province)
(04) 大余--江西省--(Dayu--Jiangxi province)
(05) 宜章--湖南省--(Yizhang--Hunan province)
(06) 嘉禾--湖南省--(Jiahe--Hunan province)
(07) 寧遠--湖南省--(Ningyuan--Hunan province)
(08) 道縣--湖南省--(Daoxian--Hunan province)
(09) 臨武--湖南省--(Linwu--Hunan province)
(10) 江華--湖南省--(Jianghua--Hunan province)
(11) 通道--湖南省--(Tongdao--Hunan province)
(12) 黎平--貴州省--(Liping--Guizhou province)
(13) 鎮遠--貴州省--(Zhanyuan--Guizhou province)
(14) 石阡--貴州省--(Shiqian--Guizhou province)
(15) 湄潭--貴州省--(Meitan--Guizhou province)
(16) 遵義--貴州省--(Zunyi--Guizhou province)
(17) 桐梓--貴州省--(Tongzi--Guizhou province)
(18) 三江--四川省--(Sanjiang--Sichuan province)
(19) 習水--四川省--(Xishui--Sichuan province)
(20) 赤水--貴州省--(Chishui--Guizhou province)
(21) 威信--雲南省--(Weixin--Yunnan province)
(22) 茅台--貴州省--(Maotai--Guizhou province)
(23) 水城--貴州省--(Shuicheng--Guizhou province)
(24) 龍里--貴州省--(Longli--Guizhou province)
(25) 長順--貴州省--(Changshun--Guizhou province)
(26) 興仁--貴州省--(Xingren--Guizhou province)
(27) 宣威--雲南省--(Xuanwei--Yunnan province)
(28) 會澤--雲南省--(Huize--Yunnan province)
(29) 馬龍--雲南省--(Malong--Yunnan province)
(30) 嵩民--雲南省--(Songmin--Yunnan province)
(31) 武定--雲南省--(Wuding--Yunnan province)
(32) 元謀--雲南省--(Yuanmou--Yunnan province)
(33) 絞車--雲南省--(Jiaoche--Yunnan province)
(34) 德昌--四川省--(Dehchang--Sichuan province)
(35) 西昌--四川省--(Xichang--Sichuan province)
(36) 冕寧--四川省--(Mianning--Sichuan province)
(37) 越西--四川省--(Yuexi--Sichuan province)
(38) 安順場--四川省--(Anshunchang--Sichuan province)
(39) 瀘定--四川省--(Luding--Sichuan province)
(40) 雅安--四川省--(Yaan--Sichuan province)
(41) 寶興--四川省--(Baoxing--Sichuan province)
(42) 懋功--四川省--(Maogong--Sichuan province)
(43) 撫邊--四川省--(Fubian--Sichuan province)
(44) 毛兒蓋--四川省--(Maoergai--Sichuan province)
(45) 通渭--甘肅省--(Tongwei--Gansu province)
(46) 隆德--寧夏省--(Longde--Ningxia province)
(47) 環縣--甘肅省--(Huanxian--Gansu province
(48) 吳旗--陜西省--(Wuqi--Shaanxi province)
(49) 保安--陜西省--(Baoan--Shaanxi province)
(50) 延安--陜西省--(Yanan--Shaanxi province)
Sources:
(1) 早晨的大洪水 (The Morning Deluge by Dr. Han Suyin 韓素音)
(2) 紅星在中國的上空 (Red Star Over China by Edgar Snow)
(3) 我的回憶 (My Memoir by Zhang Guotao 張國濤)
(4) 長征 (The Long March by Dick Wilson)
(5) 跟隨毛主席長征 (On The Long March With Chairman Mao
by Chen Chengfeng 陳昌奉)
(6) 龔楚將軍的回憶錄 (I and The Red Army by Gong Chu 龔楚)
(7) 毛澤東選集 (Selected Works of Mao Zedong
by Mao Zedong 毛澤東)
(8) and many others
CHUNG Yoon-Ngan (鄭永元)
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