Author: CHUNG Yoon Ngan
Date: 04-19-12 02:44
中國姓氏故事 - 董姓
打蛇先打頭,---Da3 she2 xian da3 tou2,
擒賊先擒王.---Qin2 zei2xian qin2 wang2.
To beat a snake beat its head first,
To catch thieves catch the thief leader first.
A Chinese proverb
-----------------------------------------
Surname DONG (董姓)
Dong means: direct; govern.
The surname Dong is about 2,700 years old.
The surname Dong originated in an area referred to during the Qin Dynasty
(秦朝 221BC to 207BC) as the Longxi prefecture (隴西郡). The present day
location of Longxi prefecture is in Linyao county (臨洮縣 103.8 degree East
and 35.7 degree North on the world map) of Gansu province (甘肅省).
Long time ago, during the reign of Shun Di (舜帝), the leader of the federated
tribes, there was a man called Liao Shu An (飂叔安) who was the chief of
a tribal community in ancient China. He had a son by the name of Dong Fu
(董父). Legend had it that Dong Fu was employed by Shun Di to take charge
of the dragons. He excelled in his job, and in appreciation Shun Di rewarded
him by appointing him to be the leader of a settlement called Zongchuan
(鬷川 in the present day Dingyao county 定陶縣 of Shandong province (山東
省). Shun Di also bestowed upon him not only the surname of DONG (董) but
also the heritable title of Hou (侯) or Marquis.
During the Zhou Dynasty (周朝 1134BC to 256BC) in the period of Spring and
Autumn (春秋時代 722BC to 481BC) a descendant of Dong Fu called Xin You
(辛有), was employed as an official in the Zhou Court. Xin You had two sons
who were employed as Dong Shi (董史) or officers in charge of history in
the State of Jin (晉國 present day Yicheng county 翼城縣 in Shanxi province
山西省). For many generations the position of Dong Shi was being held by
the offspring of Xin You. As time went by some of the descendants of Xin
You adopted DONG (董) as their surname.
The couplet of the Dong clan:
董姓二望,---Dong xing4 er4 wang4,
隴西濟陽.---Longxi Jiyang.
............................................
Historical prominent persons produced by the DONG clan
(1) Dong Hu (董狐)
During the Spring and Autumn Period Dong Hu was a historiographer (史官)
in the State of Jin (晉國 present day Yi Cheng county 翼城縣 of Shanxi province
山西省). The ruler of the State of Jin was Ji Yi Gao (姬夷皋) whose official
title was Jin Ling Gong (晉靈公) who ruled Jin from 620BC to 607BC. In 607BC
Jin Ling Gong wanted to kill Zhao Dun (趙盾), the commander-in-chief of
the Jin Army. On hearing of the news Zhao Dun escaped. Before he had left
the country Zhao Dun heard the news of the assassination of Jin Ling Gong
by Zhao Chuan (趙穿). Zhao Dun returned to the capital Jiang Cheng (絳城
present day Jiang county 絳縣 in Shanxi province).
Ji Hei Tun (姬黑臀), the uncle of Jin Ling Gong, was installed as the new
ruler of Jin whose official title was Jin Cheng Gong (晉成公) who ruled
Jin from 606BC to 599BC). On the historical records of the State of Jin,
the historiographer, Dong Hu recorded that "趙盾弒其君靈公 Zhao Dun murdered
his ruler Ling Gong". Zhao Dun lodged a strong protest. Dong Hu said, "子
為正卿, 亡不越國, 返不討賊, 非子而誰? You are the official in charge of the
country. You escaped but did not leave the country. Having returned you
did not condemn the murderer. If it is not your fault then whose fault?"
About this case, Kong Zhong Ni (孔仲尼 or Confucius 551BC to 479BC) commented,
"董狐古之良史也, 書法不隱 Dong Hu was a good official historian and he
did not conceal his penmanship".
............................................................
(2) Dong Zhong Shu (董仲舒 197BC to 104BC).
Dong Zhong Shu was born in the present day county of Zao Qiang (棗強縣)
in Hebei province (河北省). When he was young he studied Chun Qiu (春秋
or The Spring and Autumn Annals). He was a court academician (博士) during
the reign of Emperor Jing Di Liu Qi (景帝皇帝劉啟 156BC to 141BC) of Han
Dynasty (漢朝 206BC to 220AD). He devoted himself to the study of Confucianism.
He was being universally acknowledged as an able and virtuous person.
In 140BC, Liu Hui (劉徽) was installed as Emperor Wu Di (武皇帝 ). The country
was very rich. Emperor Wu Di issued an imperial edict inviting wise men
to come the capital Chang An (長安) to present their ideas in helping him
to governor the country. More than 100 well educated men turned up, representing
all schoos of thought. However, Emperor Wu Di was very interested in Dong
Zhong Shu's book titled "天人三策 The Three Plans of Heaven and Men". The
thought of the book was:
(1) 天人相與 Heaven and Men can get along.
(2) 君權神授 Heaven gives the authority to the Sovereign.
(3) 道之大源出于天, 天不變, 道亦不變 The direction comes from Heaven. If
Heaven does not change the direction will not change.
Dong Zhong Shu petitioned the Emperor to revere Confucianism and banned
other schools of thought (罷黜百家, 獨尊儒術). Emperor Wu Di agreed. That
was the beginning of the legitimism of Confucianism in China for over 2,000
years.
Dong Zhong Shu also helped Emperor Wu Di to establish the "三綱五常 or the
Three Cardinal Guides and the Five Constant Virtues. The Three Cardinal
Guides are: the ruler guides the subjects; father guides son and husband
guides wife. The Five Constant Virtues are: benevolence, righteousness,
propriety, wisdom and fidelity.
Other popular books written by Dong Zhong Shu were the "春秋繁露 Chun Qiu
Fan Lu", "舉賢良對策 Ju Xian Liang Dui Ce" and "董子文集 Dong Zi Wen Ji".
(3) Dong Biwu (董必武 1885 to 1975)
Dong Biwu was one of the12 founding members of the Chinese Communist Party
which was founded on 1st July 1921 and they were:
(01) Li Hanjun (李漢俊) and (2) Li Da (李達).
They were the Shanghai (上海) representatives, representing the 9 communists
in Shanghai, Jiangsu province (江蘇省).
(03) Zhang Guotao (張國燾)[*1] and (4) Liu Renjing (劉仁靜).
They were the Beijing (北京) representatives, representing 15 communists
in Beijing, in Hebei province (河北省).
(05) Dong Biwu (董必武), (6) Chen Tanqiu (陳譚秋) and (07) Bao Huizeng (包
惠僧). They were the Wuhan (武漢) representatives, representing 8 communists
in Wuhan ), Hubei province (湖北省).
(08) Mao Zedong (毛澤東) was the Hunan province (湖南省) representative,
representing 10 communists in Hunan province.
(09) Chen Gongbo (陳公博) was the the Guangdong province (廣東省) representative,
representing 7 communists in Guangdong province.
(10) Deng Enming (鄧恩銘) and (11) Wang Lumei (王爐美) were the Shandong
province (山東省) representatives, representing 8 communists in Shandong
province.
(12) Zhou Fohai (周佛海) was the Japan representative, representing 2 communists
students in Japan.
These 12 members were representing only 59 communists in the whole of China
and Japan.
Dong Biwu was born in 1885 in Huangan county (黃安縣) in Hubei province
(湖北省), in a large gentry family headed by scholars and teachers. He received
a classical education and passed the Imperial Official Examinations at the
age of sixteen. He joined the Republican forces during the Hankou (漢口)
revolt of 1911 and became a member of Dr Sun Yat-sen'a Tong Meng Hui (同
盟會). In opposition to Yuan ShihKai (袁世凱) in 1913, he fled to Japan,
joined Sun Yat-sen's inner circle there, and studied at the Tokyo Law College.
From 1917 to 1920 Dong performed tasks for Dr Sun but gradually drew to
the left in his thinking. Meanwhile he eraned a living teaching in Hankou.
In 1921, influenced by Che Duxiu (陳獨秀) and Li Hanchun (李漢春), he journeyed
to Shanghai, there to become a founder of the Chinese Communist Party. He
then helped to organize the Hubei provincial branch of the Communist Party.
....................................................
Note:
Surname DONG (董姓) is the 39th most common Chinese surname in the world
Posted to asiawind.com
By CHUNG Yoon-Ngan (鄭永元)
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