Author: CHUNG Yoon Ngan
Date: 03-10-12 06:38
唐朝詩 Poems from Tang Dynasty (618AD to 907AD( (01)
戴叔倫的詩 A poem by Dai Shulun (732AD to 789AD)
題三閭大夫廟(*1A)
The subject of the temple of Lu senior official
[Actually it os a poem on Qu Yuan (屈原 340BC to 278BC)]
沅湘流不盡,---Yuan Xiang(*2B) liu2 bu4 jin4,
屈子怨何深?--Qu Zi(*3C) yuan4 he2 shen?
日暮秋風起,---Ri4 mu4 qiu feng qi3,
蕭蕭楓樹林.---Xiao xiao feng shu4 lin2.
................................................
The explanations in plain Chinese and English.
(1) 沅水和湘水永遠不停地奔流,
The water in the rivers of Yuan and Xiang will flow endlessly.
(2) 屈原啊! 你的撼恨為什麼這樣深!
Oh Qu Yuan! Why your hatred is so deep?
(3) 傍晚的時候, 颳起一陣秋風,
There is an autumn wind blowing in the evening,
(4) 廟前的楓樹林, 落葉紛紛的飄散著.
The leaves of the maple forest in front of the temple are falling.
Notes:
[*1A] 三閭 San Lu
During the reign of King Huai of Chu (楚懷王 328BC to 299BC), Qu Yuan (屈
原 ) was appointed a senior official of Three Lu (三閭 or The Senior Official
of Three Alleys and Lanes. One Lu was an official in charge of 25 families.
Three Lus was the official in charge of 75 families). After his death people
erected temples called San Lu Dafu (三閭大夫廟) to commemorate him.
Inside the temple there is a poem which reads:
何處招魂,--------------He2 chu3 zhao hun2,
香草還生三戶地.---Xiang cao3 hai2 sheng san hu4 di4.
當年呵壁,--------------Dang nian2 he bi4,
湘流應識九歌心.---Xiang liu2 ying shi2 jiu3 ge xin.
Where to call back the spirit of Qu Yuan,
Fresh grass are still growing in the place where Qu Yuan was once a Lu Dafu.
In those days, why gave Qu Yuan a dressing down,
That had become a hatred like the water flowing endlessly in the Xiang River.
(*2B) 沅湘
The rivers of Yuan (沅水) and Xiang (湘水) are in Hunan province (湖南省
), and their waters flow into the north of Lake Dongding (洞庭湖).
(*3C) 屈子 = (屈原 Qu Yuan)
He was born in 340BC into an aristocratic family in the State of Chu (楚
國 present day Jiang Ling county 江陵縣 in Hubei province 湖北省). It was
during the period of Warring State (戰國時代453BC to 221BC) of the Zhou
Dynasty (周朝 1134BC to 256BC).
((弔屈原也。屈原忠而見疑﹐投江而死﹐楚人哀之﹐故為立廟﹐故詩意曰))
“湘沅之江水滔滔不盡﹐如屈子之怨﹐一何深也。我來弔之﹐但見白日一暮﹐
秋風乍鳴﹐楓葉蕭蕭﹐飄紅滿徑﹐不勝今昔之感也。"
..........................................................
Qu Yuan was the first man to be officially recorded in Chinese history as
a poet scholar. In Chinese classical history other than the Shi Jing (詩
經 the Book of Odes) the only important poetic work during the Zhou Dynasty
was Chu Ci (楚辭 Elegies of Chu) which made up to a large extent of poems
by Qu Yuan.
Qu Yuan was appointed the Minister of Law and Ordinance by Xiong Huai (熊
槐), the 36th ruler of the State Chu (楚國), who ruled Chu from 328BC to
298BC. Qu Yuan drafted all the laws in the State of Chu and was very influential
in the Chu Court. However, he offended the powerful chief eunuch, Jin Shang
(靳尚), with whom he also disagreed over foreign affairs policy. There were
also personal and official animosity between him and the chief eunuch.
The chief eunuch lied when he told the ruler Xiong Huai that "Qu Yuan is
too proud and is disrespectful to you. He is bragging that nothing can be
done in the country without him. Every one in the country knows about it
except you, your Highness."
Xiong Huai listened to Jin Shang, the chief eunuch and would not like to
listen to the advice given by Qu Yuan. Xiong Huai was also wanted Qu Yuan
not to be near him. Eventually, Xiong Huai sacked Qu Yuan as a Minister
and put him to work as an ordinary clerk in the Ministry.
It was during this time that Qu Yuan wrote his three famous books called
(1) Li Sao 離騷 (離騷著, 猶離憂), (2) Guo Feng 國風 (好色而不淫 and (3)
Xiao Ya 小雅 (怨誹而不亂). They were the allegories of himself hoping that
the ruler would understand him. More than half of Li Sao was about the shaman'
s journey in search of divinity. The shaman rode the wind and clouds, straddled
the sun and the moon and voyaged outside the universe.
In 299BC, Ying Ji (嬴稷), the 34th ruler of the State of Qin (秦國 present
day Fengxiang county 鳳翔縣 in Shaanxi province 陜西省) invited Xiong Huai
for a conference in Wuguan (武關 present day Wu Guan city in Shaanxi province)
. Qu Yuan advised Xiong Huai that "秦是虎狼一般的國家, 相信不得的, 不去為
好 The State of Qin was a country like the tiger and wolf that cannot be
trusted. It is better not to go." However, the ruler's youngest son, Xiong
Lan (熊蘭), argued that his father should attend as Qin was a very powerful
State and his staying away from the conference could infuriate the ruler
of Qin and cause him to attack Chu.
Xiong Huai followed his son's advice and attended the conference. Xiong
Huai was incarcerated by the ruler of Qin at the end of the conference.
Xiong Huai was treated like a prisoner of war and brought to the Qin capital,
Xianyang (咸陽 present day near Xian city 西安市 in Shaanxi province).
Xiong Huai died in the hands of the Qin the following year, 298BC. Xiong
Heng (熊橫), the eldest son of Xiong Huai, (熊橫) succeeded him as the new
ruler of Chu (楚).
Qu Yuan criticized Xiong Lan for advising his father to go to the conference.
Xiong Lan was ashamed of himself but would not accept Qu Yuan's criticism.
Xiong Lan banished Qu Yuan to the remote wilderness south of the capital
Jiangling (江陵 present day Jiangling city in Hubei province 湖北省).
While on his way to exile Qu Yuan arrived at the river, Miluo (汨羅江 present
day near Xiangyin county 湘陰縣 in Hunan province 湖南省) He spent sometime
there.
Qu Yuan continued to wander around the banks of Miluo River, pouring forth
his soul in verses. As time went by, he grew thinner and thinner.
Qu Yuan had an elder sister by the name of Qu Xu (屈嬃) who was married
and lived far away. On hearing of her younger brother being dismissed by
the Chu Court Qu Xu returned home to see Qu Yuan. She was said to see her
brother so thin and haggard. She advised Qu Yuan to forget about politics
and till the land and live an ordinary life.
Qu Yuan agreed with his sister and began to plant rice. The type of rice
he planted was called Yu Mi (玉米 or jade rice). Having seen her brother
had finally settled down Qu Xu returned to her husband.
Occasionally, Qu Yuan still wandered around the banks of Miluo river. One
day, he met a fisherman at the river bank. The fisherman recognized Qu Yuan
and said to him:
你不是三閭大夫屈原嗎? 怎麼跑到這裏來了呀?
"Are you not the famous Three Lu Qu Yuan? What brings about your rambling
around here?"
Qu Yuan replied:
眾人皆濁,我獨清,
All the people are dirty and I am the only one who is clean.
眾人皆醉, 我獨醒,
All the people are all drunk and I am the only one who is awake.
是以見放,
Due to this reason I was dismissed".
The fisherman said:
聖人不凝滯於物, 而能與世推移,
A wise true sage does not quarrel with the social and cultural conditions
of the day but try to live with it.
世人皆濁, 何不淈其泥,而揚其波.
You have said that all the people are unclean, why can't you go with them
and make them clean.
眾人皆醉, 何不餔其糟, 而歠其醨, 何故深思高舉, 自令放為.
You have said that all the people are drunk why can't you drink with them
and teach them not to drink too much".
Qu Yuan replied:
吾聞之新沐者, 必彈冠新浴者,
必振衣安能以身之察, 察受物之汶汶者乎,
寧赴湘流, 葬於江魚之腹中.
又安能以皓皓之白而蒙世之塵埃乎.
If one has just have taken a bath and one's body is clean, one will not
wear the dirty clothes. One should not allow one's clean body to be dirtied
by dirty clothes. I rather die and have a grave in the bellies of the fish
swimming in the river than being buried among the filth and corruption of
this world.
The fisherman went away laughing and singing:
滄浪之水清兮, 可以濯我纓.
If the water is clean, I will wash my tassels.
滄浪之水濁兮, 可以濯我足.
If the water is dirty, I will wash my feet.
Qu Yuan hated the corrupt government of his country. He felt that he should
not be punished for being too loyal to the ruler of his country. Despair
and sadness overwhelmed him. One day he tied a big rock to his body and
jumped into the river and disappeared immediately. People living along the
banks of Miluo River heard of his disappearance in the river. They rushed
out to the river with their boats trying to rescue him. Qu Yuan could not
be found. Neither could his body.
Fearing that the fish might devour his body, people harvested the Yu Mi
from Qu Yuan's field and used them to make them into dumplings wrapped in
Ruo leaves (箬葉 is a kind of leaves something like bamboo leaves. People
just called them bamboo leaves) and threw them into Miluo River with the
hope that the fish would devour the wrapped dumplings instead of his body.
Yu Mi was later renamed glutinous rice (Nou Mi 糯米).
Wrapped glutinous rice dumpling was later called Zong Zi (棕子) or The Son
of Zong. That is how nowadays people only use glutinous rice to make Zong
Zi.
Qu Yuan's hometown was renamed Jiegui (姊歸) which meant sister returned
home, in honour of Qu Yuan's sister Qu Xu who returned home to see him.
This episode happened before the construction of the Great Wall of China.
There was no cement during those time. The ingenious engineers used glutinous
rice and straws to construct the Wan Li Chang Cheng (萬里長城 Great Wall).
The Forbidden City was also built by glutinous rice.
Qu Yuan disappeared on the 5th day of the 5th moon (in Lunar Calendar).
During this period people living in Southern Chu called the first day of
moon (month) Duan Yi (端一 or beginning one), the second day Duan Er (端
二), the third day Duan San (端三), the fourth day Duan Si (端四), the fifth
day Duan Wu (端五), the sixth day Duan Liu and so on and so forth until
the tenth day. From the 11th day on the word Duan was not used. They called
the 11th day Shi Yi, the 12th day Shi Er and so on. People fixed the 5th
day of the 5th moon as Duan Wu Jie (端五節) to commemorate the disappearance
of Qu Yuan in the river. Later people changed the word from Wu (五) to Wu
(午) and it became Duan Wu Jie (端午節) which was also called Duan Yang
Jie (端陽節).
People living in South China made 5th day of the 5th moon an annual event
on which day boat races were held, signifying the launching of boats to
rescue Qu Yuan. Figures of dragon heads decorated the bows of the boats
which later became known as dragon boats. Eventually the whole event was
renamed the annual dragon boat races.
Every year on the 5th day of the 5th moon, the day Qu Yuan disappeared,
it was customary for people living in the region near Mi Luo River to make
glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo (Ruo) leaves and to throw them
into the river to feed the fish. Later they accepted the fact that Qu Yuan's
body must had decomposed in the water after such a long period of time.
People stopped throwing glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo leaves into the
river. Instead of feeding the fish they consumed the dumplings as desserts.
Many generations later they called the dumplings Zong Zi (棕子).
In 1068AD Zhao Xu (趙頊) became the 6th Emperor of the Song Dynasty (宋朝
960AD to 1279AD). Zhao Xu reigned until 1085AD. In 1081AD Zhao Xu rewarded
Qu Yuan a posthumous title of The Prince of Loyalty (忠烈王). A temple was
erected to commemorate him in Jiegui county of Hunan province. Inside the
temple there was a poem on the two pillars in between the altar. The poem
read:
峨峨廟貌立江傍, 香火爭趨忠烈王;
佞骨不知何處朽, 龍舟歲歲弔滄浪.
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Posted to asiawin.com
By CHUNG Yoon-Ngan (鄭永元)
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