Author: CHUNG Yoon-Ngan
Date: 03-24-03 20:51
The causes of the 1st Hakka migration
The Hakka Chinese themselves claim that they moved five times within
recorded history. In their 1st migration, dating about 311AD, they crossed Changjiang (長江or the Yangtze River) and settled in the provinces of Jiangxi
(江西省) and Anhui (安徽省).
This is the brief history of the causes of their 1st migration.
You are welcome to ask questions and Dr SL Lee and I will try
to answer your queries.
Towards the end of the Han Dynasty (漢朝 206BC to 220AD) the land was
divided by the three most powerful generals of that time. In the North was
Cao Cao (曹操); in the region of south and southeast of the Yangtze River
(楊子江) was Sun Quan (孫權); and Liu Bei (劉備) in the western part of
present day Sichuan province (四川省).
Cao Cao, who was the Prime Minister of the Han Court, died in 220AD and
his son Cao Pi (曹丕) succeeded him as the new Prime Minister. Without
hesitation Cao Pi dethroned Liu Xie (劉協) the Emperor of the Han Court and established his own Dynasty called Wei (魏) in 220AD, with the capital in
present day city of Luo Yang (洛陽) of Henan province (河南省).
The following year, Liu Bei established his Kingdom called Shu (蜀) in the
western part of the land with its capital in Chengdu (成都). In 229AD, Sun
Quan proclaimed the formation of his Kingdom of Wu (吳) with its capital in
Jian Ye (建業 present day Nanjing 南京). Historians call this period the
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三國)}, a period of incessant warfare for
more than 50 years.
Sumamary of the Wei Dynasty (魏朝)
Name==============Title====================Reigning Period
(1) Cao Pi (曹丕)=====Wen Di (文帝)==============220AD to 226AD
(2) Cao Rui (曹叡)====Ming Di (明帝)==============227AD to 239AD
(3) Cao Fang (曹芳)== Fei Di (廢帝)====== ========= 240AD to 254AD
(4) Cao Mao (曹髦)== Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公)=254AD to 260AD
(5) Cao Huan (曹奐)== Yuan Di (元帝)==============260AD to 265AD
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Summary of the Jin Dynasty (晉朝)
Name======================Title==========Reigning Period
Western Jin (西晉)
(01) Si-Ma Yan (司-馬炎)=======Wu Di (武帝)=====265AD to 290AD
(02) Si-Ma Zhong (司-馬衷)=====Hui Di (惠帝)=====290AD to 306AD
(03) Si-Ma Chi (司-馬熾)=======Huai Di (懷帝)==== 307AD to 313AD
(04) Si-Ma Ye (司-馬業)======= Min Di (愍帝)===== 313AD to 317AD
Eastern Jin (東晉)
(05) Si-Ma Rui (司-馬睿)=======Yuan Di (元帝)=======317AD to 322AD
(06) Si-Ma Shao (司-馬紹)===== Ming Di (明帝)=======323AD to 325AD
(07) Si-Ma Yan (司-馬衍)====== Cheng Di (成帝)======326AD to 342AD
(08) Si-Ma Yue (司-馬岳)====== Kang Di (康帝)=======343AD to 344AD
(09) Si=Ma Dan (司-馬聃)======Mu Di (穆帝)======== 345AD to 361AD
(10) Si-Ma Pi (司-馬丕)========Ai Di (哀帝)=========362AD to 365AD
(11) Si-Ma Si-Ma Yi (司-馬奕)===Fei Di (廢帝)======== 366AD to 371AD
(12) Si-Ma Yu (司-馬昱)======= Jian Wen Di (簡文帝)== 371AD to 372AD
(13) Si-Ma Yao (司-馬曜)====== Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝)===373AD to 396AD
(14) Si-Ma De Zong (司-馬德宗)=An Di (安帝)========= 397AD to 418AD
(15) Si-Ma De Wen (司-馬德文)==Gong Di (恭帝)=======419AD to 420AD
The end of Eastern Jin Dynasty
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In 260AD, Cao Huan (曹奐) was installed as the fourth Emperor of the Wei
Dynasty and his Prime Minister was Si-Ma Yi (司馬懿). The Kingdom of Shu
was conquered by the Wei Dynasty in 263AD. In 265AD, Emperor Cao Huan
was dethroned by Si-Ma Yan (司馬炎), who established his own Dynasty called
Jin (晉朝). Si-Ma Yan installed himself as Wu Di (武帝 or Emperor Wu) of Jin Dynasty. Si-Ma Yan then subjugated the Kingdom of Wu in 280AD. Thus Si-Ma
Yan unified the country which then had an estimated population of 16,163,863
(16.1 million).
Si-Ma Yan was not only a drunkard but was also a debauchee who could not
tolerate criticism. He kept thousands of young and beautiful girls in his
palace as his concubines and would punish any official who dared to expostulate
with him on his debauchery. Si-Ma Yan died in 290AD and was succeeded by
his son Si-Ma Zhong (司馬衷), who was crowned as Emperor Hui (惠帝).
Si-Ma Zhong was a moron and did not have the ability to govern such a large
country. He allowed his wife Empress Gu Nan-Feng (賈南風), to take charge
of the administration of the country. She used her husband's authority to
manipulate with power, and the country fell apart in a civil war which was called
the Rebellion of the Eight Princes (八王之亂) that lasted from 290AD to 305AD. Eventually Empress Gu died in the general chaos.
As a result of the civil war, the situation in the country deteriorated into famine,
followed by droughts and the invasions of locusts. The non-Han Chinese tribes
of the Turkic Xiong Nu (匈奴), the Jie (羯), the Xian Bei (鮮卑), the Di (氐) and
the Qiang (羌), took advantage of the anarchy and established themselves into political and armed units. In 304AD the Di founded a kingdom in the western part
of the country, and the Xiong Nu proclaimed the formation of a kingdom in south Shaaxi. Historians call this period "Wu Hu Luan Hua (五胡亂華)" or "The Invasion
of the Five Barbarians".
In 311AD Liu Cong (劉聰), the chieftain of Xiong Nu seized Luo Yang, the capital
of Jin and captured Emperor Hui, who was later executed. The 14 year=old
Si-Ma Ye (司馬業), a nephew of Emperor Hui, was installed as Emperor Min
(愍帝) in Chang An (長安 in present day Shaanxi province 陜西省) by a relative.
In 316AD another leader of the Xiong Nu tribe overran Chang An and captured Emperor Min, who was later killed by the conquerors. It was the end of the Jin Dynasty.
Due to famine, and the political and economic chaos in North China, masses
of Han-Chinese fled southwards to the safety regions south of the Yangtze River.
In 317AD Si-Ma Rui (司馬睿) set up a new Dynasty called the Eastern Jin
(東晉朝) in Jian Kang (建康 present day Nanking city Note: changed from Jian Ye) and installed himself as Emperor Yuan (元帝). The exodus of Han-Chinese continued to move south of the Yangtze River. They were powerful family groups and they established political units to control their new homes. They swamped the regions now called the provinces of Jiangsu (江蘇省), Jiangxi (江西省)
and Anhui (安徽省). It was estimated that more than a million people emigrated to the south.
Unwilling to live under the oppression of th foreign Turkic tribes many big and
powerful families, as well as the upper classes followed the Jin Court (晉室)
in migrating to the south to Southern China.
The Jin Shu ( 晉書 or the historical records of the Jin Dynasty) said,
"When Luo Jing (落京 present day Louyang 洛陽 city) was overrun, 60 to
70 per cent of the Government officials in the Zhong Zhou (中州 the alias
of Henan province 河南省) found refuge near the Yangtze River."
According to the book called "Jin Book" written by Wang Dau (王導):
"Some of these exodus moved to Qun Yang (尋陽), Wu Hu (蕪湖) and
Jing Yi (京邑 in the present day southern Anhui province 安徽省, and
others to the regions of present day southern provinces of Jiangsu 江蘇省,
Jiangxi 江西省 and Zhejiang 浙江省). Qiao Zhi Mu Si (僑置牧司)
administrations were installed by the Jin Court (Eastern Jin 東晉
was not established until March 317AD in Jian Kang 建康 in present day
Jiang Ning county 江寧縣 in Jiangsu province) to care for these new settlers
(Liu Wang Ke Ren 流亡客人) in the regions of:
(1) Huai Nan (淮南 present day south of Huai Shui River 淮水);
north of Yangtze River in Hubei province (湖北省);
east of Han Shui 漢水 River and northern regions of the
Yangtze River in the provinces of Jiangsu and Anhui)
(2) Song Zi prefecture (松滋郡 present day in northern Hubei province)
(3) Tang Yi county (堂邑縣) in Shandong province (山東省)
(4) Wei Jun in Jingxi province (魏郡江西省)
(5) Shang Dang in Jiangsu province (上黨江蘇省)
(6) Yang Zhou (揚州 in Jiangsu province".
The recorded eight wealthy, powerful and upper class clans who relocated to
the above regions were the:
(1) Lin (林), (2) Huang (黃), (3) Chen (陳), (4) Zheng (鄭), (5) Zhan (詹),
(6) Qiu (丘), (7) He (何) and (8) Hu (胡).
They settled down permanently in these region and multiplied. Many, many
clans of much lesser wealth were not recorded at that time. However they
were recorded in a later census.
There were feuds between the immigrants and the locals mostly over the seizure of lands by the new comers. The locals nicknamed the guest or exiled people "Cang
Ren 傖人", which meant, " the reckless fellows" and among them were the forebears of the Hakka people. Although the new Dynasty of Eastern Jin made a few attempts to recover the Northern, Emperor Yuan and the new comers were content with their new found and fertile land in the south. As a result, the Han-Chinese population in the south increased by several-fold and the non-Han Chinese in the south were Sinicized by these Diaspora, who were the forefathers of the present Hakkas.
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CHUNG Yoon-Ngan (鄭永元)
All rights reserved 2003
25032003
Yoon-Ngan
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