Author: CHUNG Yoon Ngan
Date: 01-11-11 01:48
游歷客家 You Li Hakka (The history of the traveling Hakkas)
http://www.reference.com/browse/%E6%B8%B8%E5%8E%86
游歷 - 1 reference result
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Hakka
The Hakkas ( Hakka language: Hak-ka ; Mandarin Chinese: Keji_ ) are a subgroup
of the Han Chinese people who live predominantly in the provinces of Guangdong,
Jiangxi and Fujian in China. Their ancestors were often said to have arrived
from what is today's central China centuries ago. It is still a contested
issue where the Hakkas originated. It is said that in a series of migrations,
the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China,
and then migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. The
Hakkas have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and overseas
Chinese history: in particular, they have been a source of revolutionary,
political and military leaders.
Hakkas are most commonly found in the southern Chinese provinces, but may
also be found in the northern provinces; for example there are television
news programmes read in Hakka in Xi'an ( Shaanxi). The presence of Hakkas
is pan-China.
Migrations and group identification
The use of the term Hakka to describe this people is thought to be comparatively
recent, dating to the Qing Dynasty (c. 17th century).
Their ancestors migrated southwards several times because of social unrest,
upheaval, and the invasion of foreign conquerors, since the Jin Dynasty
(265-420). Subsequent migrations occurred at the end of the Tang Dynasty
when China fragmented, during the middle of the Song Dynasty which saw massive
depopulation of the north and a flood of refugees southward, when the Jurchens
captured the northern Song capital, at the fall of the Song to the Mongols
in the Yuan Dynasty, and when the Ming Dynasty fell to the Manchu who formed
the Qing Dynasty. Some of these migrants did not want to reveal where they
were from as under Chinese Laws, a crime of treason committed by one person
is punishable by death upon the clan of that person up to nine generations.
As the locals did not know where the migrants were from, they were referred
to as 'guest families'.
During the reign of Emperor Qing Kangxi, the coastal regions were evacuated
by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the dangers posed by the remnants
of the Ming court who had fled to what is now Taiwan. When the threat was
eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal
regions. To aid the move, each family was given monetary incentives to begin
their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Families" (客戶, kehu).
The existing Cantonese speaking inhabitants ( Punti or 本地) of these areas
were protective of their own more fertile lands, and the newcomers were
pushed to the outer fringes of fertile plains, despite having migrated legitimately,
or they settled in more mountainous regions to eke out a living. People
were also able to purchase and sell land. Conflict between the two groups
grew, and it is thought that "Hakka" was a term of derision used by the
Punti aimed at the newcomers. Eventually, the tension between the two groups
(the Hakkas had by then been settled for several hundred years, and could
not be regarded as migrants in any sense) would lead to a series of 19th
century skirmishes known as the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars (土客械鬥) in the
Pearl Delta. The problem was not that the two groups spoke a different tongue.
In fact the 'locals' were composed of different people speaking several
mutually unintelligible tongues, as typical of the Chinese country-side
all over China, but they would regard each other as 'locals' or Puntis but
not the Hakkas.
The term 'Punti' is not however synonymous with 'Cantonese', as a Cantonese
in any other part of China, say for example Beijing, would not be able to
call himself a 'Punti', as the puntis of the area are the Beijing or Hebei
people.
The term 'Punti' is a Hakka word given to the Cantonese by the Hakka people.
In Cantonese, the Hakka word 'Punti' is pronounced 'boon-day'.
Over time, the term "Hakka" was adopted by the newcomers to refer to themselves,
not least due to the migratory tendencies inherent in their own culture.
However, because the term also covers Hakka language-speakers, (in the same
way that Punti covered several people speaking different tongues) and because
the Han Chinese registered as Guest Families who migrated at the time may
not have been Hakka language-speakers, and because of intermarriages among
Hakka and Punti members (which showed that relation between the two were
very good at times), identification as Hakka was largely a matter of self-selection.
Through studies of both Cantonese and Hakka genealogies, some Hakka and
Punti people with the same surnames claim the same ancestors, although their
descendants strongly identify with one group to the exclusion of the other.
The Hakka ancestors are thus but one group amongst many who migrated southwards,
becoming linguistically marked by differences yet unified through cultural
assonances. Hakka people now are found in the southern Chinese provinces,
chiefly in Guangdong, south-western Fujian, southern Jiangxi, southern Hunan,
Guangxi, southern Guizhou, south-eastern Sichuan, and on Hainan and Taiwan
islands, as well as in the northern provinces such as Shanxi, where there
are television news broadcasts in the Hakka language. The Hakka dialects
across these various provinces differ phonologically, but the Meixian (Meizhou)
dialect of Hakka is considered the archetypal spoken form of the language.
Migratory patterns have been established for some groups e.g. in Taiwan,
northern and southern migrations from corresponding provinces in China.
Although different, and also not different, in some social customs and culture
(e.g. linguistic differences) from the surrounding population, the Hakkas
are not a separate ethnic group: they belong to the Han Chinese majority.
Historical sources shown in census statistics relate only to the general
population, irrespective of particular districts, provinces, or regions.
These census counts were made during imperial times. They did not distinguish
what language the population spoke. Therefore they do not directly document
Hakka migrations. The study by Luo Xianglin, K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu /
An Introduction to the Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933)
used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties.
With population movement, it is reasonable to assume that there is mixing
among both the Hakka newcomers and the indigenous people, and between the
Punti and Hakka .
The Hakkas have a custom of buying the unwanted baby daughters of the Yue
puntis in Guangdong, as Puntis favored sons over daughters. These Punti-moys
(本地妹) then made brides for Hakka sons when they grew up. Hakka daughters
did not enter Punti households in the same way, and there is no equivalent
Hakka-mui term in the Punti vocabulary. The Yue punti genes thus entered
Hakka populations.
Social and cultural influences
Due to their agrarian lifestyle, the Hakkas have a unique architecture based
on defense and communal living ( See Hakka architecture), and a hearty savory
cuisine based on an equal balance between texturised meat and vegetables,
and fresh vegetables ( See Hakka cuisine).
When Hakkas expanded into areas with pre-existing populations, there was
often little agricultural land left for them to farm. As a result, many
Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or public service. Consequently,
the Hakka culturally emphasized education.
Unlike the majority of other Han Chinese women, Hakka women did not practice
footbinding.
Hakka people built Tulou buildings which has been inscribed in 2008 by UNESCO
as a World Heritage Site.
Martial arts
The Hakka community is also a source for a variety of martial arts. Those
systems in general are referred to as Hakka Kuen (Hakka Fist). Southern
Praying Mantis, Bak Mei and Dragon Kung Fu are examples of styles practised
by the Hakkas.
Hakkas in China
Hakkas in Guangdong
The Hakkas who live in Guangdong comprise about 60% of the total Hakka population.
Worldwide, over 95% of the overseas-descended Hakkas came from this Guangdong
region, usually from Huizhou: the Hakkas there live mostly in the eastern
part of the province, particularly in the so-called Xing-Mei ( Xingning-
Meixian) area. Guangxi contains the second-largest Hakka community. Unlike
their kin in Fujian, the Hakkas in the Xingning and Meixian area developed
a non-fortress-like unique architectural style, most notably the weilongwu
(Chinese: 圍龍屋, weilongw_ or Hakka: Wui Lung Wuk) and sijiaolou (Chinese:
四角樓, sij_aolou or Hakka: Si Kok Liu).
Hakkas in Fujian
The Hakkas who settled in the mountainous region of south-western Fujian
province developed a unique form of architectural building known as tu lou
(土樓), literally meaning earthen structures . The tu lou are round or
square and were designed as a combined large fortress and multi-apartment
building complex. The structures typically had only one entrance-way, with
no windows at ground level. Each floor served a different function: the
first floor containing a well and livestock, the second food storage and
the third and higher floors contain living spaces. Tu-lou were built to withstand
attack from bandits and marauders.
(see Hakka architecture)
Hakkas in Hong Kong
Historical background
In contemporary society, the Hakka people in Hong Kong have been identified
primarily through their concentration and population in the villages and
small towns in the New Territories, which were unpopulated and did not have
a native or 'Punti' population. The Hakkas thus became the 'puntis' of these
areas when they moved in. During the Qing Dynasty, the Hakka people were
displaced and persecuted due to their cultural differences from the Manchus
of the Qing. Refusing to practise the binding of feet (which was not a practice
in Chinese classical eras), the Hakka people were marked out as 'Hak' or
'guest' people in Hong Kong [Cantonese dialect transliteration], as these
people never state which part of China their ancestors were from. The last
great migration of the Hakka people towards Hong Kong took place at the
time of the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864). Hakka dissenters featured in
the anti-government rebellion and subsequently were persecuted following
the failure of the Taipings.
The Hakka people practised mainstream Confucian practices as any other Han
Chinese group, with a hierarchised dependence on authority given through
the family head. Christianised by Protestant and Roman Catholic missionaries
in the mid-19th century who gave food to the Hakka and the poor, the Hakka
were often slanderously categorised by Puntis with the cult practices of
Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Tianguo movement. Thus the new settlers were forced
by the circumstances and, not physically by the Puntis, to concentrate on
the northern New Territories of Hong Kong. The Hakka people placed a greater
reliance on the internal strengths of their own customs, cultural identity
and education. This model of community survival, dependent on the integrity
of the nuclear clan unit in the face of adversity, has contributed to the
20th century outcome of preserving the cultural identity of the Hakka people.
British Law was also in force in Hong Kong, preventing any major incidents
from taking place. Over the past forty years, due to the social pressures
of Hong Kong, many young Hakkas (as well as other internal Chinese migrant
groups such as the Shanghai people and the Hoklo people) have been 'localised'
and adopted Punti speech.
Occupationally, Hakka were agriculture-based, as were about 95% of the Chinese
population then. There was high unemployment in those times as Hong Kong
was still a backwater. The Hakka 'mountain song' as well as songs of 'eight
tones' have become famous, particularly outside of Hong Kong by several
Hakka artists. The traditional Hakka mountain song expressed human struggle
and toil in the early and harsh settlement of a land which was untreaded
by man, requiring clearing and human effort. Hakka folk-art remains a strong
reminder of the folk origin and connection and the naturalistic tendencies
of the Hakka populace, working within a self-dependent synergistic agrarian
bioecosystem, in exactly the same manner as any other Chinese peasant farmer
of the time. Geographically segregated from Qing Dynasty control and persecution
following China's military failures of the 19th century, the Hakka people
placed great reliance on a traditional but free society with the opportunities
to trade and improve. The striving ethos in the Hakka people of Hong Kong
also emphasized ancestral and cultural customs with strong Confucian leanings,
recognised for its Chineseness, and the modern Western Christian thoughts.
In Hong Kong, Hakka villages continue to be aggregated loosely around clanship,
maintaining blood-ties to families (often identified through genealogy),
as most well connected Puntis also do, but is lost amongst the lower class
Puntis. Land rights in The New Territories of Hong Kong are based on English
Common Law in respect to Land Law, and apply to both Puntis and Hakkas,
and any other people of the region, irrespective of their spoken language.
These laws are accepted and followed by the Hong Kong SAR government. Buying
and selling of land was also done through the ages.
It is well documented that when the British took over Hong Kong, the territory
was almost unpopulated. The Hakkas of Hong Kong were one its earliest inhabitants,
and many arrived several centuries before the migration into Hong Kong
by Punti Cantonese people. The term Hakka refers to a people and not who
was the first to arrived in Hong Kong. To be technically correct, the Hakkas
are the Puntis of Hong Kong if one were to make Punti mean aboriginal. Late
arrivers to Hong Kong, such the Shanghainese during the Chinese Civil War,
are not referred to as 'guests' but by the city from which they took their
language. The Hakkas were different as they did not reveal their origins
because many of them fled during the period when under the Chinese Law,
they could be sentenced to death because someone in their clan within nine
generations had committed treason.
Cuisine
The Hakka people have a marked cuisine and style of Chinese cooking which
is little known outside the Hakka home. Hakka cuisine concentrates on the
texture of food - the hallmark of Hakka cuisine. Whereas preserved meats
feature in Hakka delicacy, stewed, braised, roast meats, 'texturized' contributions
to the Hakka palate have a central place in their repertoire. In fact the
raw materials for Hakka food are no different from raw materials for any
other type of regional Chinese cuisine, what you cook depends on what is
available in the market. Hakka cuisine may be described as outwardly simple
but tasty. The skill in Hakka cuisine lies in the ability to cook meat thoroughly
without hardening it, and to naturally bring out the proteinous flavour (
umami taste) of meat. Most of the Chinese restaurants in the United Kingdom
are owned by Hakkas.
The Hakkas who settled in the harbour and port areas of Hong Kong placed
great emphasis on seafood cuisine. Hakka cuisine in Hong Kong is less dominated
by expensive meats, instead emphasis is placed on an abundance of vegetables.
Pragmatic and simple, Hakka cuisine is garnished lightly with sparse or
little flavouring. Modern Hakka cooking in Hong Kong favours offal, an example
being Deep-Fried Intestines (炸大腸 or Tza Tai Chong). Others include tofu
with preservatives, along with their signature dish Salt Baked Chicken (鹽
焗雞 or Yam Guk Gai). Another specialty is the Poon Choy (盆菜). While it
may be difficult to prove these were the actual diets of the old Hakka community,
it is presently a commonly accepted view. The above dishes and their variations
are in fact found and consumed throughout China including Guangdong, and
are not particularly unique or confined to the Hakka Chinese population.
Offal in China was/is also more expensive than meat, as was/is fatty pork
more expensive than lean pork. Offal was/is a premier food in China. Other
dishes consumed by Hakkas and many Chinese include chicken's feet and duck's
feet.
Modern society
It should be noted that the Hakka's modern societal structure and experience
includes far more diverse and complex global elements than the Hong Kong
landscape, where only a small fraction of the Hakka reside or have transitioned
through.
Preservation
In the latter half of the 20th century, a stronger emphasis has been placed
on Hakka preservation through folk art and customs. A Hakka language dictionary
has also been completed auspiciously on 1997 by Dr CF Lau [ISBN Reference:
ISBN 962-201-750-9], a devoted contributor to the preservation of the Hakka
language in Hong Kong.
Hakkas worldwide
The Hakkas have emigrated to many regions worldwide, notably India, Malaysia,
Singapore, Indonesia, Burma and Thailand.
Hakka people also emigrated to Australia, Brunei, Canada, the United States,
and to many countries in Europe, including Great Britain, France, Spain,
Germany, Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Hakka people also are found
in South Africa and Mauritius, on the islands of the Caribbean ( Jamaica
and Trinidad and Tobago, and in Central and South America, particularly
in Panama and Brazil. Most expatriate Hakka in Great Britain have ties to
Hong Kong; many emigrated when Hong Kong still was a British colony during
a period coinciding with the Cultural Revolution of China and economic depression
in Hong Kong. There was once a sizable Hakka community in Calcutta, but
most have migrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, Taiwan or Austria.
Today there are about 90-100 million Hakka speakers around the world. In
Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesian, Hakka people are sometimes known as
Khek , the Hokkien (Minnan) pronunciation of Ke (Hak).
Hakkas in Indonesia
Migration of Hakka people to Indonesia happened in several waves. The first
wave landed in Bangka and Belitung islands as tin miners in the 18th century.
The second group of colonies were established along the Kapuas River in
Kalimantan in the 19th century. In the early 20th Century new arrivals from
Meixian joined their compatriots as traders and labourers in major cities
such as Jakarta and Pontianak.
Bangka Belitung
Hakkas also live in the Indonesia's biggest tin producer islands of Bangka
Belitung province. They were the second majority ethnic group after Malay
at about 330,000. Hakka population in the province is also the second largest
in Indonesia after West Kalimantan's and one of the highest percentages
of Chinese living in Indonesia as well.
The first ancestors of Hakkas in Bangka and Belitung reached the islands
in 1700s from Guangdong. Many of them worked as tin mining labourers. Since
then, they have stayed on the island along with the native Malay people.
The condition is much different with Chinese and natives in other region
as they always came into clashes before year of 1999 when Indonesian Chinese
finally got their freedom again since 1960s. But here they lived together
peacefully and still practiced their customs and cultural festival such
as celebrating Chinese New Year and Qingming while in other regions, they
were strictly banned by government before 1999. The majority religions of
Chinese Babel are Confucianism or Buddhism, and significant number of Christian.
A little number of them confessed Islam as some of them married Malays.
Hakkas on the island of Bangka have an unusual accent, said to be heavily
influenced by the Malay, especially in younger generations. The younger
generations speak much more Malay than the older Hakka generation. As Chinese
languages employ tones to distinguish different words, where differences
in tone can change a word's meaning entirely, The Hakka dialect spoken by
the islanders has such a different tonal system that their spoken language
is hardly intelligible to Hakkas from other regions. But they still refer
to themselves as Thong ngin as well as younger people and spoke Thong boi
. Hakka ngin words are unpopular as well as Hakkafa . The Hakka spoken
in the Belinyu area in Bangka is considered to be standard. Many Hakkas
in the province have moved outside the Islands especially to Jakarta. There
are more than 30,000 - 50,000 Chinese Babel in Jakarta who speak both Malay
and Thong boi .
There were also a big Chinese population from Bangka and Belitung who lived
abroad such as in China and Hongkong. They proud to be Chinese Bangka Belitung
, so once or twice a year they always returned home to celebrate Chinese
new year or pay their respects in Qingming.
Pontianak
Hakka people in Pontianak live alongside with teochew speaking Chinese.
Whilst the teochews are dominant in the centre of Pontianak, the hakkas
are more dominant in small towns along the Kapuas River in the regencies
of Sanggau, Sekadau and Sintang. Their hakka dialect is originally of Mei
Xien (Hakka: MoiYan) standard but heavily influenced by the teochews dialect
and vocabularies from the local Malay and Dayak tribes.
The Hakkas in this region are descendants of gold prospectors who migrated
from China in the late 19th century.
Singkawang
The hakkas in Singkawang and the surrounding regencies of Sambas, Bengkayang,
Ketapang and Landak speaks a different standard of hakka dialect to the
hakkas along the Kapuas River. Their place of origin in China is tai phu
( Dabu 大埔), a district in Mei Xien. also Fuk Luk Hoi which means winds
of the six seas.
Jakarta
Hakka can still be heard in some commercial districts in Jakarta. Their
numbers increases with internal migrations from the three regions mentioned
above.
Hakkas in East Timor
There was a relatively large and vibrant Hakka community in East Timor before
the Indonesian invasion in 1975. According to the local Chinese Timorese
association's estimation, the Hakka population in 1975 was estimated to
be around 25,000 (including a small minority of other Chinese ethnicity
from Macau). During the invasion, many Hakkas were killed. According to
a book source, it was estimated that about 700 Hakkas were killed on the
first week of invasion in Dili alone. No clear numbers had been recorded
since many Hakkas evacuated and escaped to Australia. Recent re-establishment
of Hakka association registered approximately about 2,400 Hakkas remained
(400 families, including half Timorese families) in East Timor.
Now the Hakka diaspora can be found in Darwin and spread-out in major cities
such as Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne of Australia, Portugal, Macau and
small numbers in other parts of the world. They often are highly-educated,
and many continue their education in Taiwan or China, with majority of younger
generation study in Australia. The Australian government took some years
to assess their claims to political asylum in order to establish their credentials
as genuine refugees and not illegal immigrants, partially related to political
situation of East Timor during that time. As no Asian country was willing
to accept them as residents, or grant political asylum to displaced Hakka
and other Timorese, they were forced to live as stateless persons for a
time. Despite this condition, many Hakkas had became successful and established
food chains, shops, supermarkets and importers in Australia. Since the independence
of East Timor in 2002, some Hakka families had returned and invest in businesses
in the newborn nation.
Hakkas in Malaysia
Hakkas form the second largest subgroup of the ethnic Chinese population
of Malaysia. During his time, Chung Keng Quee, Capitan China of Perak and
Penang was founder of Taiping, leader of the Hai San, a millionaire philanthropist,
an innovator in the mining of tin and was respected by both Chinese and
European communities in the early colonial settlement. A well known Hakka
man was Yap Ah Loy, a Kapitan in Kuala Lumpur from 1868 to 1885, where he
brought significant economic contributions, founded Kuala Lumpur and also
was an influential figure among the ethnic Chinese.
In East Malaysia, they form a significant part of the Bornean state of Sabah
where most of the ethnic Chinese are of Hakka descent. Hakka is the lingua
fraca among the Chinese in Sabah.
Hakkas in Jamaica
Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka and they have a long history in Jamaica.
Between 1845 and 1884, nearly 5000 Hakka arrived in Jamaica on 3 major voyages.
Most came to Jamaica under contract as indentured servants. Under the terms
of the contract, free return passage was available for any Hakka who wanted
to return to China. Most of them did. In 1854, 205 Chinese workers who had
been working on the Panama canal arrived in Jamaica. They had demanded re-settlement
due to the threat of Yellow Fever in Panama. Many were ill upon arrival
in Jamaica and were immediately hospitalized in Kingston. Less than 50 or
these immigrants survived. The rest died of Yellow Fever.
Chin Pa-kung (a.ka. Jackson Chin), opened a wholesale business in Kingston
where the Desnoes and Geddes building now stands. Chang Si-Pah and Lyn Sam
opened groceries nearby. These gentleman provided guidance for other Chinese
immigrants to Jamaica.
During the 1960s-1970s, there was substantial migration of Hakka Jamaican
Chinese to the USA and Canada.
Hakkas in Mauritius
The vast majority of Mauritian Chinese are Hakkas. Most of the Mauritian
Hakkas emigrated to Mauritius in the mid 1940's came from the Guangdong
province, especially from the Meizhou or Meixian region. Some of them have
emigrated from Calcutta.
Today the language of most Mauritian Hakkas speak are Creole, French, English
and Hakka, depending on how much their parents have tried to keep the Hakka
language alive.
Many Mauritian Hakkas have also emigrated to Canada and Australia.
Hakkas in Taiwan
In Taiwan, Hakka people comprise about 15-20% of the population and are
descended largely from Guangdong: they form the second largest ethnic group
on the island. Many Hakka moved to lands high up in the hills or remote
mountains to escape political persecution. Many of the Hakka people continue
to live in these hilly locations of Taiwan. Taiwan's Hakka are concentrated
in Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, and around Chungli in
Taoyuan County, and Meinong in Kaohsiung County, and in Pingtung County,
with smaller presences in Hualian and Taitung County. In recent decades
many Hakka have moved to the largest metropolitan areas, including Taipei,
Taichung, and Kaohsiung.
Many people in Taiwan are of mixed Hoklo, Hakka, and Formosan aboriginal
heritage. Approximately half of the population of Hakka in Taiwan also speak
Taiwanese, and it is highly likely that many Taiwanese-speaking households
were descendants of Hakka families in Taiwan who lost their language a few
generations back.
World Hakka Congress
No Year City Country
1 1971 Hong Kong Hong Kong
2 1973 Taipei Taiwan
3 1976 Taipei Taiwan
4 1978 San Francisco USA
5 1980 Tokyo Japan
6 1982 Bangkok Thailand
7 1984 Taipei Taiwan
8 1986 Mauritius Mauritius
9 1988 San Francisco USA
10 1990 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia
11 1992 Kaoshiung Taiwan
12 1994 Meixian, Guangdong China
13 1996 Singapore Singapore
14 1998 Miaoli Taiwan
15 1999 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
16 2000 Longyan, Fujian China
17 2001 Jakarta Indonesia
18 2003 Zhengzhou, Henan China
19 2006 Ganzhou, Jiangxi China
20 2008 Chengdu, Sichuan China
Prominent Hakkas
The Hakkas have had a significant influence, disproportionate to their smaller
total numbers, on the course of Chinese and overseas Chinese history, particularly
as a source of revolutionary, political and military leaders.
Hakkas were active during the Taiping Rebellion [Jonathan D. Spence, "God's
Chinese Son", 1997 - see references] , the largest uprising in the modern
history of China. The uprising, also known as Jintian Uprising, originated
at the Hakka village of Jintian in Guiping, Guangxi. It was led by the failed
Qing scholar, Hong Xiuquan, who was influenced by Protestant missionaries.
Hong's charisma tapped into a consciousness of national dissent which identified
with his personal interpretations of the Christian message. His following,
who were initially Hakka peasants from Guangxi, grew across the southern
provinces. The hugely disciplined Taiping army, which included women in their
ranks, captured stoutly-defended towns and cities from the Qing defenders.
In 1851, less than a year after the uprising, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
太平天國 was established. It had, at one stage, occupied one-third of China,
and almost toppled the Qing Dynasty. The kingdom lasted for eleven years.
Hakkas continue to play prominent roles during the revolutionary and republican
years of Kuomintang, as well as during the Chinese Civil War between Kuomintang
and the Communist Party of China, to which many of the leaders on both sides
are Hakkas.
In the 1980s-90s, all the three foremost leaders of the three Chinese-majority
states in the world are of Hakka origin: the People's Republic of China's
paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, the Republic of China's President Lee Teng-hui
and Singapore's founding father, Lee Kuan Yew. Deng and Lee Kuan Yew, together
with Sun Yatsen, were among four Chinese named as "the 20th Century's 20
Most Influential Asians" by Time magazine.
Hakkas' influence is also evident in Guangdong, China, where the "Hakka
Gang" "客家幫" has consistently dominated the provincial government. Presently,
the governor, Huang Huahua, and four deputy governors are Hakkas.
Revolutionaries and Politicians
* China
o Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
+ Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 ( 1812-1864; Huaxian, Guangdong ),
Heavenly King; Leader, Taiping Rebellion
+ Feng Yunshan 馮云山 ( 1815-1852; Huaxian, Guangdong ),
South King
+ Yang Xiuqing 楊秀清 ( 1821-1856; Guiping, Guangxi , East
King
+ Shi Dakai 石達開 ( 1831-1863; Guiping, Guangxi ), Wing
King
+ Li Xiucheng 李秀成 ( 1823-1864; Tengxian, Guangxi ), Loyal
King
+ Chen Yucheng 陳玉成 ( 1837-1862; Tengxian, Guangxi ),
Heroic King
+ Hong Rengan 洪仁玕 ( 1822-1864; Huaxian, Guangdong ),
Premier and Shield King; First person in China to advocate Western-styled
of government and modernization
o Qing Dynasty
+ Liu Yongfu 劉永福 ( 1837-1917; Bobai, Guangxi ), Commander,
Black Flag Army; President, Republic of Formosa, 1895
+ Qiu Fengjia 丘逢甲 ( 1864-1912; Jiaoling, Guangdong; born
in Taiwan ), Leader, Taiwanese resistance forces, Japanese invasion of Taiwan,
1895
o Republic of China
+ Sun Yatsen 孫中山 ( 1886-1925; Zhongshan, Guangdong ),
Founding father of modern China
+ Charlie Soong 宋嘉樹 ( 1863-1918; Wenchang, Hainan ),
Financier and staunch supporter in the early days of Kuomintang; Father
of the Soong Sisters, who along with their husbands, were the most influential
figures of China in the early 20th century
+ Soong Ai-ling 宋藹齡 ( 1890-1973; Wenchang, Hainan; born
in Shanghai ), Eldest of the Soong Sisters; Wife of H H Kung
+ Soong Ching-ling 宋慶齡 ( 1893-1981; Wenchang, Hainan;
born in Kunshan, Jiangsu ), Second of the Soong Sisters; Wife of Sun Yat-sen;
Honorary President of the People's Republic of China, 1981
+ Soong May-ling 宋美齡 ( 1898-2003; Wenchang, Hainan ),
Youngest of the Soong Sisters; Wife of Chiang Kai-shek
+ T. V. Soong 宋子文 ( 1894-1971; Wenchang, Hainan; born
in Shanghai ), Premier of the Republic of China, 1930, 1945-1947
+ Liao Zhongkai 廖仲愷 ( 1877-1925; Huiyang, Guangdong;
born in USA ), Leader and financier, Kuomintang; Was one of the three most
powerful figures in Kuomintang when Sun Yatsen passed away
+ Chen Jitang 陳濟棠 ( 1890-1954; Fangcheng, Guangxi ),
General, Nationalist China
+ Xue Yue 薛岳 { 1896-1998; Lechang, Guangdong ), Nationalist
China most outstanding general during 2nd Sino-Japanese War; Nicknamed "Patton
of Asia"
+ Zhang Fakui 張發奎 ( 1896-1980; Shixing, Guangdong ),
Commander-in-Chief during Second Sino-Japanese war
+ Xie Jinyuan 謝晉元 ( 1905-1941; Jiaoling, Guangdong ),
Commander, Defence of Sihang Warehouse; Heroism of the defenders of the
warehouse, known as the Eight Hundred Heroes 八百壯士, was made into a movie
of the same name
o People's Republic of China
+ Marshal Zhu De 朱德 ( 1896-1976; Yilong, Sichuan ), Founder
of the People's Liberation Army of China
+ Marshal Ye Jianying 葉劍英 ( 1897-1986; Meixian, Guangdong
), Leader and general; Chairman, National People's Congress, 1978-1983;
President, People's Republic of China, 1978-1983; Governor of Guangdong,
1949-1953
+ Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 ( 1904-1997; Guang'an, Sichuan ),
Paramount leader, People's Republic of China, 1970s-1990s; Principal architect,
Chinese economic reform
+ Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 ( 1915-89; Linyang, Hunan ), General
Secretary of the Communist Party of China, 1980-1987
+ Zeng Qinghong 曾慶紅 ( 1939-; Ji'an, Jiangxi ), Vice-President,
People's Republic of China, 2003-2008; Was second in ranking after Hu Jintao
in the fourth generation leadership
+ Liao Chengzhi 廖承志 ( 1908-1983; Huiyang, Guangdong;
born in Japan ), Well-respected politican; Passed away a week before he
was expected to be elected Vice-President, People's Republic of China
+ Ye Ting 葉挺 ( 1896-1946; Huiyang, Guangdong ), Commander-In-
Chief, New Fourth Army, one of the two main Chinese communist forces, Second
Sino-Japanese War
+ Yang Chengwu 楊成武 ( 1914-2004; Changting, Fujian ),
General; Vice-Chairman, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference,
1983-1988
+ Ye Xuanping 葉選平 ( 1924-; Meixian, Guangdong ), Vice-Chairman,
Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, 1991-2003; Governor
of Guangdong, 1985-1991
+ Xie Fei 謝非 ( 1932-1999; Lufeng, Guangdong ), Vice-chairman,
National People's Congress, 1998-1999
+ Huang Huahua 黃華華 ( 1946-; Xingning, Guangdong ), Present
governor of Guangdong, 2003-
* Taiwan
o Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 ( 1923-; Yongding, Fujian; born in Taiwan
), President of the Republic of China, 1988-2000; First freely-elected president
in Chinese history
o Annette Lu 呂秀蓮 ( 1944-; Nanjing, Fujian; born in Taiwan ),
Vice-President, Republic of China, 2000-2008
o Wu Po-hsiung 吳伯雄 ( 1939-; Yongding, Fujian; born in Taiwan
), Chairman, Kuomintang, 2007-; Mayor, Taipei, 1988-1990
o Hsu Hsin-liang 許信良 ( 1941-; Raoping, Guangdong; born in Taiwan
), Co-founder and chairman, Democratic Progressive Party, 1991-1994, 1996-1998
o Tsai Ing-wen 蔡英文 ( 1956-; born in Taiwan ), Present and first
female Chairperson, Democratic Progressive Party, 2008-; Vice-premier, Republic
of China, 2006-2007
o Yeh Chu-lan 葉菊蘭 ( 1949-; born in Taiwan ), Vice-premier,
Republic of China, 2004-2005; Acting mayor, Kaohsiung, 2005-2006
o Lee Ying-yuan 李應元 ( 1953; Zhao'an, Fujian; born in Taiwan
), Secretary-General, Executive Yuan, 2005; Secretary-General, Democratic
Progressive Party, 2008; Ran and lost to Ma Ying-jeou, Taipei Mayor Elections,
2002
* Hong Kong
o Martin Lee 李柱銘 ( 1938-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Founding chairman, Democratic Party, 1994-2002; Leading figure of
the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong
o Lee Wing Tat 李永達 ( 1955-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Chairman, Democratic Party, 2004-2006
o Tam Yiu Chung 譚耀宗 ( 1949-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Chairman, Democratic Alliance for Betterment of Hong Kong, the largest
pro-Beijing political party in Hong Kong, 2007-
* Singapore
o Lee Kuan Yew 李光耀 ( 1923-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Singapore)
, Founding father of modern Singapore; Prime Minister of Singapore, 1959-1990
o Lee Hsien Loong 李顯龍 ( 1952-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Singapore)
, Present Prime Minister of Singapore, 2004-
o Yong Nyuk Lin 楊玉麟 ( 1918-, born in Malaysia ), Cabinet Minister,
1959-1976
o Hon Sui Sen 韓瑞生 ( 1916-83; Jiexi, Guangdong, born in Malaysia
), Finance Minister, 1970-1983
o Howe Yoon Chong 侯永昌 ( 1923-2007; Meixian, Guangdong; born
in China ), Cabinet Minister, 1979-1984
o Dr Hu Tsu Tau Richard 胡賜道 ( 1926-; Yongding, Fujian; born
in Singapore ), Finance Minister, 1985-2001
o Elizabeth Choy (Yong Su Moi) 蔡楊素梅 ( 1910-2006; born in Malaysia
), War heroine; First and only woman to be on the Legislative Council of
Singapore, 1951
* Malaysia
o Yap Ah Loy 葉亞來 ( 1837-1885; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in China
), Founder of Kuala Lumpur
o Chung Keng Quee 鄭景貴 ( 1827-1901; Zengcheng, Guangdong; born
in China ), Founder of Taiping, Perak; Kapitan China, Penang and Perak
o Yap Kwan Seng 葉觀盛 ( 1846-1902; Chixi, Guangdong; born in
China ), Last Kapitan China, Kuala Lumpur, 1989-1902; A major road, Jalan
Yap Kwan Seng, in Kuala Lumpur was named after him
o Chung Thye Phin 鄭大平 ( 1879-1935; Zengcheng, Guangdong; born
in Malaysia ), Last Kapitan China, Perak
o Datuk Seri Lau Pak Khuan 劉伯群 ( 1894-1971; Zengcheng, Guangdong;
born in China ), Founding member of Malaysian Chinese Association; First
Chinese to be conferred the "Datuk Seri" title by Malaysia Sultan; Led the
unsuccessful bid for Chinese equal citizenship rights and official language
status during drafting of Malaysia Constitution
o Tun Omar Yoke Lin Ong 翁毓麟 ( 1917-; born in Malaysia ), Cabinet
Minister, 1955-1973; President of the Senate of Malaysia, 1973-1980
o Tan Sri Wong Pow Nee 王保尼, Chief Minister of Penang, 1957-1969
o Datuk Peter Lo Sui Yin 羅思仁 ( Longchuan, Guangdong ), Chief
Minister of Sabah, 1965-67
o Datuk Yong Teck Lee 楊德利 ( 1958- ), Chief Minister of Sabah,
1996-1998
o Tan Sri Chong Kah Kiat 章家杰 ( 1948- ), Chief Minister of
Sabah, 2001-2003
o Liow Tiong Lai 廖中萊 ( Dabu, Guangdong; born in Malaysia ),
Health Minister, Malaysia, 2008-
o Peter Chin Fah Kui 陳華貴 ( 1945-; Bao'an, Guangdong; born in
Malaysia ), Plantation Industries and Commodities Minister, Malaysia, 2004-
o Teresa Kok 郭素沁 ( 1964-; Huizhou, Guangdong; born in Malaysia
), Member of Parliament, 1999-; Won by the highest majority among 200 seats
contested in the 2008 General Elections
* Thailand
o Thaksin Shinawatra 丘達新 ( 1949-; Fengshun, Guangdong; born
in Thailand) , Prime Minister of Thailand, 2001-2006
o Abhisit Vejjajiva ( 1964-; born in United Kingdom ), Opposition
Leader; Leader, Democrat Party, Thailand's oldest political party, 2005-
* Indonesia
o Low Lan Pak 羅芳伯 ( 1738-1778; Meixian, Guangdong) , Founder
and President, Hakka republic of Lanfang (present Western Kalimantan, now
part of Indonesia), 1777-1884
o Hassan Karman 黃少凡 ( Meixian; Guangdong; born in Indonesia
), Mayor, Singkawang, Kalimantan; First Chinese mayor of Indonesia
* Timor-Leste
o Pedro Lay ( born in East Timor ), Cabinet Minister, 2007-
o Gil Alves ( born in East Timor ), Cabinet Minister, 2007-
* Mauritius
o Sir Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen 朱梅麟 ( 1909-1991; Meixian, Guangdong;
born in Mauritius ), First Chinese member, Legislative Council, 1949; Minister
of Local Government, 1967-1976; Second Hakka after Sun Yatsen to have his
portrait printed on the bills of a country's currency
o Noel Lee Cheong Lem 李國華 ( 1951-; Meixian, Guangdong; born
in Mauritius ), Minister of Tourism, 1993-1995
o Joseph Tsang Mang Kin 曾繁興 ( 1938-; Meixian, Guangdong; born
in Mauritius ), Minister of Art and Culture, 1995-2000
o Emmanuel Jean Leung Shing 陳念汀 ( 1944-; Meixian, Guangdong;
born in Mauritius ), Minister of Justice and Human Rights, 2000-2005
o Sylvio Tang Wah Hing 鄧學升 ( Meixian, Guangdong; born in Mauritius
), Minister of Youth and Sports, 2005-
* Australia
o Penny Wong 黃英賢 ( 1968, born in Malaysia ), First Cabinet
Minister of Asian descent, 2007-
o Alfred Huang 黃國鑫 ( Jiaoling, Guangdong, born in China ),
Lord Mayor, Adelaide, 2000-2003; Australia's first Lord Mayor of Chinese
descent
o Henry Tsang 曾筱龍 ( 1943-; Wuhua, Guangdong; born in China
), Deputy Lord Mayor, Sydney, 1991-1999
o Robert Chong 鍾富喜 ( Meixian, Guangdong; born in Malaysia ),
Mayor, Whitehorse, Victoria, 2001-2002, 2004
* Guyana
o Arthur Raymond Chung 鍾亞瑟 ( 1916-2008; Dabu, Guangdong ),
First President, Guyana, 1970-80
* Trinidad and Tobago
o Sir Solomon Hochoy 何才 ( 1905-1983; born in Jamaica ), First
and only non-white, non-British Governor, 1960-1962 and Governor General,
1962-1972, Trinidad and Tobago
Government Officials
* He Ruzhang 何如璋 ( 1838-1891; Dabu, Guangdong ), China's first ambassador
to Japan, Qing Dynasty, 1877-1882
* Yong Pung How 楊邦孝 ( 1926-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Malaysia ),
Second Chief Justice, Singapore, 1990-2006
* Marie Madeleine Lee nee Ah Chuen 朱志筠 ( 1927-; Meixian, Guangdong;
born in Mauritius ), Mauritius first ambassador to China, 1999-2000
* Xiao Yang 肖揚 ( 1938-; Heyuang, Guangdong ), President, Supreme People'
s Court of the People's Republic of China, 1998-2008
* Supachai Panitchpakdi, ( 1946-; born in Thailand ), First and only
Director-General of World Trade Organization of Asian origin, 1999-2005
* Zhang Jiuhuan 張九桓 ( 1947-; Bobai, Guangxi ), Ambassador of China
to Nepal (1995-1998), Singapore (2000-2004), Thailand (2004-); Youngest-ever
ambassador, People's Republic of China
* Yeung Kam John Yeung Sik Yuen 楊欽俊 ( 1950-; Meixian, Guangdong;
born in Mauritius ), Chief Justice, Mauritius, 2008-
Entrepreneurs and Corporate Figures
* Cheong Fatt Tze 張弼士 ( 1840-1916; Dabu, Guangdong ), Powerful industralist
in South-east Asia who contributed to the interests of Overseas Chinese
during China's Qing Dynasty and Republican era
* Aw Boon Haw 胡文虎 ( 1882-1954; Yongding, Fujian; born in Burma )
and Aw Boon Par 胡文豹 ( 1888-1944; Yongding, Fujian; born in Burma ), Philanthropists
of Tiger Balm fame
* Yong Koon 楊坤, Founder, Royal Selangor, Malaysia
* Raymond Chow 鄒文怀 ( 1929-; Dabu, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong );
Founder, Golden Harvest; Producer who launched the careers of Bruce Lee,
Jackie Chan and Tsui Hark
* Prajogo Pangestu (Phang Jun Phen) 彭云鵬, Timber tycoon, Indonesia
* Khun Bantoon Lamsam, Founder, Kasikorn Bank (Thai Farmers Bank), Thailand
* Robert Wan 溫惠仁 ( Guangdong; born in Tahiti, French Polynesia ),
Pearl producer (See Robert Wan Pearl Museum)
* Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah 謝富年 ( Dongguan, Guangdong; born in Malaysia
), Founder and chairman of The Sunway Group of Companies, Malaysia
* Alan Yau 丘德威 ( born in Hong Kong }, Founder, Wagamama restaurant
chain, Hakkasan and Yauatcha, United Kingdom
* Wing Yip 葉煥榮, Founder, The Wing Yip Supermarkets, United Kingdom
* Michael Lee-Chin ( born in Jamaica ), Chairman and CEO, AIC Limited,
one of Canada's largest mutual fund companies
Literary Figures and Artists
* Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲 ( 1848-1905; Meixian, Guangdong ), Poet, writer
and diplomat
* Guo Moruo 郭沫若 ( 1892-1978; Leshan, Sichuan ), Famous Chinese literary
figure
* Yong Mun Sen (Yong Yen Lang) 楊曼生 ( 1896-1962; Dabu, Guangdong;
born in Malaysia ); Pioneer artist and the father of Malaysian painting
* Lin Fengmian (Lim Foong Min) 林風眠 ( 1900 - 1991; Meixian, Guangdong
), First person to combine Western and Chinese painting techniques
* Lo Hsiang-lin 羅香林 ( 1906-1978, Xingning, Guangdong ), Scholar on
Hakka culture and language
* Teng Yu-hsien 鄧雨賢 ( 1906-1944 ), Taiwanese composer
* Chung Li-ho 鍾理和 ( 1915-1960; born in Taiwan ), Famous Taiwanese
novelist
* Han Suyin 韓素音 ( 1917-; Xinyang, Henan ), Author of books on modern
China
* Lin Haiyin 林海音 ( 1918-2001; Jiaoling, Guangdong; born in Japan
), Taiwanese novelist whose memoirs, 城南舊事 (My Memories of Old Beijing),
was made into a movie of the same name
Actors, Musicians and Entertainers
* Hong Kong
o Leslie Cheung 張國榮 ( 1956-2003; Meixian, Guangdong; born in
Hong Kong ), Famous singer/actor
o Chow Yun-Fat 周潤發 ( 1955-; Bao'an, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), One of the most famous actors in Asia; Lead actor in several Hollywood
movies
o Leon Lai 黎明 ( 1966-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China ),
Singer/actor; One of the "Four Great Heavenly Kings" of Chinese pop music
o Alex Man 万梓良 ( 1957-; Bao'an, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong
), Actor; Best Actor, Golden Horse Awards, 1988
o Cherie Chung 鍾楚紅 ( 1960-; Boluo, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Actress
o Jordan Chan 陳小春 ( 1967-, Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Actor/singer
o Eric Tsang 曾志偉 ( 1953-; Wuhua, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong
), Actor/comedian
o Frances Yip 葉麗儀 ( 1947-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Singer
o Deanie Ip 葉德嫻 ( 1947-; Huiyang, Guangdong; born in Hong Kong
), Singer/actress
o Teresa Cheung Tak Lan 張德蘭 ( born in Hong Kong ), Popular
Hong Kong singer in the 1970s-1980s
o Chan Wai Man 陳惠敏 ( born in Hong Kong ); Actor who is well-known
for triad chief roles
o Shing Fui-On 成奎安 ( 1955-; Xingning, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Actor who is well-known for bad guy roles
o Angeline Leung 梁韻蕊 ( Meixian, Guangdong ), Winner, Miss Hong
Kong pageant, 1982
o Shallin Tse 謝宁 ( 1963-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in China
), Winner, Miss Hong Kong pageant, 1985
o Shirley Yeung 楊思琦 ( 1978-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Hong
Kong ), Winner, Miss Hong Kong pageant, 2001
o Fiona Yuen 袁彩雲 ( 1976-; born in Germany ), Second runner-up,
Miss Hong Kong pageant, 1996
o Shermon Tang 鄧上文 ( 1983-; born in Hong Kong ), Miss Photogenic,
Miss Hong Kong pageant, 2005
* Taiwan
o Hou Hsiao-Hsien 侯孝賢 ( 1947-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in
China ), Award-winning film director and a leading figure of Taiwan's New
Wave cinema movement
o Edward Yang 楊德昌 ( 1947-2007; Meixian, Guangdong; born in
China ), Film director; Best Director, Cannes Film Festival, 2000
o Luo Dayou 羅大佑 ( 1954-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Taiwan
), Influential singer-songwriter who revolutionized Chinese pop and rock
music in the 1980s
o Ella Chen 陳嘉樺 ( 1981-; born in Taiwan ) and Hebe Tien 田馥
甄 ( 1983-; born in Taiwan ), Members of S.H.E, female pop group
o Chen Qiao En 陳喬恩 ( 1979-; born in Taiwan ), Leading actress
of Taiwan idol dramas
o Shino Lin 林曉培 ( born in Taiwan ), Singer
o Julia Peng 彭佳慧 ( 1972-; Meixian, Guangdong; born in Taiwan
), Singer
o Alec Su 蘇有朋 ( 1973-, born in Taiwan ), Actor/singer
o Bowie Tsang 曾寶儀 ( 1973-; Wuhua, Guangdong ), Compere/singer/actress
o Chen Chien-Chou 陳建洲 (Blackie 黑人) ( 1977-; Meixian, Guangdong;
born in Taiwan ), Compere; Former national basketballer, Chinese Taipei
national basketball team
* China
o Huang Wanqiu 黃婉秋 ( 1943-; Meixian, Guangdong ), Lead actress
of the classic movie, "Third Sister Liu" 劉三姐
o Li Ai 李艾 ( Meixian, Guangdong ), Supermodel and one of China's
most recognizable media personalities; Host, " China's Next Top Model"
* Singapore
o Fann Wong 范文芳 ( 1971-; born in Singapore ), Actress/singer/model
o Adrian Pang 彭耀順 ( 1966-; born in Malaysia ), Actor; Best
Actor for Comedy Performance, Asian Television Awards, 2002
o Xie Shaoguang 謝韶光 ( 1960-; born in Singapore ), Actor; Best
Actor, Asian Television Awards, 1998; Five-time winner of Singapore's best
television actor award
o Felicia Chin 陳靚瑄 ( 1984-; born in Singapore ), Actress; Female
winner, Star Search, 2003; Member of the Singapore national softball team
at the age of 15
o Wong Lilin 黃麗玲 ( born in Singapore ), Actress
o Michelle Chong 庄米雪 ( 1977-; born in Singapore ), Actress/compere
o Maggie Teng 鄧妙華 ( born in Singapore ), Singer; First Singaporean
to break into Taiwan pop music industry in the 1980s
o Lee Wei Song 李偉菘 ( 1966-; born in Singapore ) and Lee Shih
Shiong 李偲菘 ( 1966-; born in Singapore ), Well-known songwriters
o Ho Yeow Sun 何耀珊 ( born in Singapore ), Singer; First and
only Asian singer to top the US Billboard Dance Chart and the UK MusicWeek
Chart; Performed the Olympic Hymn, which was sung in Mandarin for the first
time, accompanied by a choir of Overseas Chinese from 16 different nationalities
for 2008 Beijing Olympics
o Yew Hong Chow 游宏釗, Classical musician and harmonica virtuso
* Malaysia
o Eric Moo 巫啟賢 ( 1963-; born in Malaysia ), Award winning singer/
composer/producer
o Michael Wong 王光良 ( 1970-; born in Malaysia ) and Victor Wong
黃品冠 ( 1972-; Jieyang, Guangdong; born in Malaysia ), Singer-songwriters
of "Guang Liang Pin Guan" 光良品冠 / "Wu Yin Liang Pin" 無印良品 fame
o Penny Tai 戴佩妮 ( 1978-; Haifeng, Guangdong; born in Malaysia
), Singer-songwriter; Best Composer, Golden Melody Awards, 2006
o Z-Chen 張智成 ( 1973-; born in Malaysia ), Singer; Known as
"The Little Prince of R&B"
o Gary Chaw 曹格 ( 1979-; born in Malaysia ), Singer; Winner,
Best Male Mandarin Singer, Golden Melody Awards, 2008
o Wong Sze Zen ( born in Malaysia ), Miss Malaysia/World, 2003
* Indonesia
o Delon Thamrin ( 1978-; born in Indonesia ), Runner-up, Indonesian
Idol Season 1, 2004
Sportspersons
* China
o Ye Qiaobo 葉喬波 ( 1964-; Hexian, Guangxi ), Champion, World
Sprint Speed Skating Championships, 1992, 1993
o Sun Caiyun 孫彩云 ( 1973-; Shenzhen, Guangdong ), World record-holder,
Pole Vault, 1992-1995
o Yang Jinghui 楊景輝 ( 1983-; Guangzhou, Guangdong ), Gold medalist,
Diving, 2004 Athens Olympics
o Lin Dan 林丹 ( 1983-; Longyan, Fujian ), Individual and Team
gold medalist, 2008 Beijing Olympics; Winner, World Badminton Championships,
2006, 2007
o Zhang Xiangxiang 張湘祥 ( 1983-; Longyan, Fujian ), Gold medalist,
Weightlifting, 2008 Beijing Olympics
o He Wenna 何雯娜 ( 1989-; Longyan, Fujian ), Gold medalist, Gymnastics
(Trampoline), 2008 Beijing Olympics
* Taiwan
o Chu Mu-yen 朱木炎 ( 1982- ), Gold medalist, Taekwondo, 2004
Athens Olympics; Champion, World Taekwondo Championships, 2003
Others
* Chin Lik Keong 曾力強, Founder, I Liq Chuan 意力拳
* Gregory Yong 楊瑞元 ( 1925-2008; born in Malaysia ), Archbishop Emeritus,
Singapore, 1977-2000
* Jimmy Choo 周仰杰 ( 1961-; born in Malaysia ), Renowned designer of
shoes and handbags, United Kingdom
Note
The list of names above have been verified to be Hakkas. Unsubstantiated
names have been removed.
See also
* Hakka architecture
* Hakka language
* Hakka cuisine
* Hakka Hill Songs
* Meizhou
* Punti
* Punti-Hakka Clan Wars
* Hakka Kuen
References
* The Hakka Dialect. A Linguistic Study of its Phonology, Syntax and
Lexicon , by Mantaro J. Hashimoto. (Cambridge University Press, 1973).
* The secret history of the Hakkas: the Chinese revolution as a Hakka
enterprise by Mary S. Erbaugh, The China Quarterly, No. 132, December 1992,
pp. 937-968.
* God's Heavenly Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan ,
by Jonathan D. Spence. (pub. W.W. Norton, reprint) 1997. (ISBN-13 978-0393315561)
External links
* Hakka Culture Information
* Hakka Information
* http://www.worldhakka.org
* The Institute of Hakka Research at Jiaying University
* Council for Hakka Affairs
* Guest People: Hakka Identity in China and Abroad (Book)
* Hakka Population and Distribution
* 台灣客家文學館 Taiwan Hakka literature museum
* 台灣客家文學館 Taiwan Hakka literature museum
* 台灣客家文學館 Taiwan Hakka literature museum
* UNITED HAKKA FUTURE interest group on Facebook
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Last updated on Saturday October 11, 2008 at 13:13:40 PDT (GMT -0700)
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